BIOL 1720 EXAM 3

Innate Immunity

Defenses against large groups of pathogens

Adaptive immunity

Use of receptors to target specific pathogens

Macrophage

lager, develpoed from monocytes(WBC)

Neutrophils

WBC attracted by signal from infected tissue

Dendritic

stimulates adaptive immunity in skin

Eosinophils

Discharge destructive enzymes

Natural Killer Cells

Patrol and fins abnormal cells then release chemicals to kill them

Interferons

cytokines that interfere with viral infections

Cytokines

Small peptides act as signaling molecules

Mast cells

found in the dermis and release histamine that results in redness, swelling, and heat

T cells

Mature in thymus; effector and helper cells

B Cells

mature in bone marrow; effector cells

Antigens

Substances that elict response from B or T cells

Antibody

the direct defense against pathogens in body fluids

Helper T cells

Triggers both the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses

Cytotoxic T Cells

Use Toxic proteins to kill cells infected by viruses or other intracellular pathogens

Memory Cells

Give rise to effector cells if the same antigen is encountered again

Immunological memory

Responsible for long-term protection against diseases due to prior infection

Humoral immune response

antibodies help neutralize or eliminate toxin and pathogens in the blood lymph

Cell-mediated immune response

specialized T cells destroy infected host cells

What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity, and which organisms possess each?

innate is your general defense system given at birth found in all animals, adaptive is a slower and more specialized system found in only vertebrates

How do physical barriers and internal defenses contribute to innate immunity?

Physical are the first line of defense and prevent pathogens from entering the body, if breaches internal defense like white blood cells detect and destroy the invaders

What role do phagocytic cells (e.g., macrophages and neutrophils) play in defending the body against infection?

Neutrophils are white blood cells and act as rapid, sort-lived first responders

Macrophages: Longer-lived larger cells that patrol the tissue or reside in specific organs

Explain the steps involved in the inflammatory response and its significance

Recognition: Immune cells identify invaders

Recruitment: This activates cells like histamine and cytokines

Removal: Recruited white blood cells squeez through blood vessels and travel to injury site

Regulation: Once neutralized the body releases anti-inflammatory signals that halt the immune response

How do B cells and T cells recognize specific antigens?

B cells use antibodies to bind directly to antigen

T cells only recognize processed peptides by MHC molecules on other cells

What is the difference between humoral and cell-mediated immune responses? Which lymphocytes are involved in each?

Humoral use antibodies to target extracellular pathogens and involve B Cells

cell mediated rely on T cell to destroy infected cells and involve helper T cells and cytotoxic

Describe the process of clonal selection and its role in adaptive immunity.

Specific lymphocytes are activated by an invading antigen, prompting them to multiply this drive adaptive immunity by generating an army of identical cells tailored to destroy the specific pathogen

What is the only type of algae that shares characteristics with land plants? What are those characteristics?

Charophyte green algae charateristics they share are Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins, flagellated sperm, and phragmoplast

What were the benefits and challenges faced by early plants as they made the move onto land?

Benefits would be sporopollenin, unfiltered sunlight, more CO2 and nutrient-rich soil

Challenges would be water availability, lack of structural support, and radiation

List and describe the derived traits of plants

Alternation of generations

Multicellular,

dependent embryos

walled spores produced in sporangia

Multicellular gametangia

apical meristems

What is alternation of generations? What are the structures involved?

Reproductive cycle where plants alternate between gametophytes and sporophytes

During alternation of generations, which is the generation that produces gametes and through what process? How about spores?

Gametophytes(Sexual phase) which are haploid(N) gametes by mitosis

The fusion of gametes create a sporophyte (2N) which is diploid and produce haploid spore by meiosis

Why do mosses require wet conditions to reproduce?

They have flagellated sperm

What are the key characteristics of ferns and other seedless vascular plants?

Life cycle with dominant sporophytes

Vascular tissue called xylem and phloem

Well-developed roots and leaves

Describe the function of the vascular tissues (xylem and phloem)

Xylem: transports water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots to leaves and gives structural support

Phloem: Transport sugars and amino acids throughout the plant moving them both upward and downward

What are sporophylls

Modified leaves with sporangia(spore organs)

Describe homosporous and heterosporous spore production

Heterosporous produce megaspores and microspores

Homosporous produce one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte

What are the advantages of producing seeds?

Protection for the embryo

Nourishment to support early growth

the ability to delay growth through dormancy

What are the unique characteristics of seed-producing plants?

They are all heterosporous

What is a pollen grain? List and describe the functions of the cells found in a pollen grain

They contain the mole gametophyte and if germinated gives rise to a pollen tube that discharges sperm into the female gametophyte within the ovule

What is pollination

The transfer of pollen from the male part of a flower to the female part

What are the reproductive adaptations of angiosperms?

Flowers and Fruits

What are fruits?

Consists of a mature ovary but can also include other flower parts

Describe how the different types of fruits are formed (e.g. simple, accessory, aggregate, multiple)

Simple fruits: Develop from a single or several fused carpels

Aggregate fruits: result from a single flower with multiple separate carpels

Multiple fruits: develop from a group of flowers called inflorescence

Accessory fruit: the edible part develops from tissue outside the ovary

What is the purpose of fruit?

Protect seeds and aid in their dispersal

What are the products of double fertilization?

an embryo and endosperm

How do you distinguish between monocots and dicots based on the type of root system, leaf venation, cross sections of roots and stems and flower parts?

Mono: fibrous roots, veins are parallel, scattered vascular tissue, and flowered are in multiple of threes

dicots: taproots, have netlike veins, arranged in a ring, and flowers in multiples of four or five

What are the functions of roots, stems and leaves?

Roots anchor the plant, absorb water and minerals, and store food

Stems support the plant and transport fluid between roots and leaves

Leaves capture sunlight to manufacture food through photosynthesis, control gas exchange and regulate water loss

List examples of modified stems and

leaves and types of roots.

Taproot roots

Fibrous roots

Adventitious roots

Tubers

Bulbs

Rhizomes

Tendrils

Thrones

Spines

Tendrils

Reproductive leaves

Storage

Describe primary and secondary growth and list the meristems involved in each

Primary growth increases the length of the plant and involves apical, intercalary, primary

Secondary growth increases thickness or diameter and involves vascular and cork cambium

What tissue makes up the wood of a tree?

The secondary xylem

What is the bark of a tree trunk made up?

Phloem and cork

What is the difference between heartwood and sapwood? What are they comprised of?

Sapwood is living outer layer composed of xylem

Heartwood is the dead inner core

Do monocots have an apical meristem? Do monocots have lateral meristems?

Monocots only have apical meristems