HLTA02 Midterm

Critical health studies

An approach to health that involves questioning social and political

practices and current norms and ideologies.

Health sciences

A collection of disciplines predominantly scientific in nature that support and

constitute medicine

Health studies

Studies concerned with health, illness, and medicine predominantly through

social science sub-disciplines.

Conceptual fields

A method of studying a subject by incorporating the views of multiple disciplines (ex: women studies)

Critical perspectives

A way of approaching an issue that addresses the effects of institutional norms, models of thinking, power dynamics, and social influences.

Disciplinarity

The notion that different disciplines have unique ways of addressing an issue or

subject

Interdisciplinarity

Common goal

Multidisciplinarity

Including many different disciplinary perspectives in a study or issue, no teamwork

Transdisciplinarity

An approach in which a researcher moves across various disciplines

epistemic communities

network of people with recognized expertise. Posses same belief and practices

Egocentrism

the inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes

Sociocentrism

The assumption that one's own social group is inherently superior to all others.

Methods of Data Collection/Historical Analysis

primary source (written record) and oral histories

oral history

a spoken record of past events

Types of historical analysis

social history and historical materialism (Marxist history)

Social History

history of societies or social structures, processes, and trends. This illustrates the close links between sociology and history.

3 main areas of social history

1. how organizations dealt with social problems

2. examinations of everyday life

3. focus on particular groups

Marxist History

the important relationship between economic production, social institutions and everyday life of people. Impact of politics and capitalism on health.

Chronological scientific approach

Thucydides: emphasized chronology, neutrality and the idea that the human world is the result of the action of people not divine intervention

Miasma Theory

The theory that diseases were caused by miasma or bad air arising from organic decay, filth, or other conditions of the local environment.

Germ Theory

the theory that infectious diseases are caused by certain microbes

Humorism

The belief that health was maintained by a balance of the four humors: blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm.

Health (WHO)

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Galen: 3 determinants of health/disease

1. things natural - elements

2. things non natural - external from body, we CONTROL. (6 non naturals)

3. things against nature - accidents, pathology, sickness

Vesailus

Dissection of human body, anatomy of the human body

Hippocrates

father of western medicine, look for natural causes and strive for moderation in all things

Hippocratic Corpus

a collection of around 60 early Ancient Greek medical works strongly associated with the physician Hippocrates and his teachings

Cartisian Dualism

mind and body are distinct.

mind - superior, rational, equated with men

body - inferior, irrational, messy, equated with women

Reductionism

body as a machine metaphor, reduced to its parts (ex: surgery)

Positive Health

broader meaning, focus more on well being

Salutogenesis

an approach focusing on factors that support human health and well-being rather than on factors that cause disease

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

negative health

focus on absence of disease/illness

Biomedical model

Health is the absence of disease, reductionist view, rooted in scientific method and knowledge

social medicine

The view that health and illness are consequences of the social structural organization of capitalist society. Addressing social inequalities can improve the health of the population (ex: community health centers)

Sustainable Development Goals

A universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity

Psychosocial

Change in individual and group attitudes and behaviors will promote health living/lifestyle and improve coping

Medicalization

the process by which problems or issues not traditionally seen as medical come to be framed as such

demedicalization

the social process that normalizes "sick" behavior

Lay perspectives

people who are neither health care professionals nor health services researchers, but who may have specialised knowledge related to health.

medical discourse

society's conceptions of medical knowledge that influence our understanding of disease and treatment. Can vary between cultures.

holistic model

intergrated approach that is focused on the individual as a whole. Interaction of biological, psychological and social factors

biopsychosocial model

a model of health that integrates the effects of biological, psychological , and social factors on health and illness

health inequity

unjust differences in health status

health inequality

disparities in health status

power and ideology

important in examining health because of the existence of widespread health inequalities

framing

by decision makers, scientists, the media etc. This informs the public whats the big threat in health

demographic transition

changes in human population

ex: as countries develop the move from high birth and death rates to a period of rapid growth followed by a more stable low growth rate

epidemiological transition

study of distribution and determinants of health relates states or events and the application of this study to the control of disease and other health problems

ex: shift due to development

risk transition

shift from communicable to non communicable diseases as countries develop

McKewon Thesis

improvements in nutrition, improvements in hygiene and standard living, increase control of disease causing micro organisms and improvements in birth control

complex web of causation

complex group of health determinants

Thermoregulatory response

process body goes through when it reacts to external temperature

planetary health

health of the environment and plant is going to impact our health down to the cellular level

Antrhopocene

earth's most recent geologic time period characterized by human influence

Holocene

The geological era since the end of the Great Ice Age about 11,000 years ago.

population health

the health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group

Public Health

activities that society undertakes to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy

Morbidity

Refers to ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population or group.

health geography

study of how space and place affect and represent human health and health care

environmental racism

patterns of development that expose poor people, especially minorities, to environmental hazards

ex: chemical plants in poor areas