CFII PTS Section 2

What are the three primary flight instruments that rely on the pitot-static system for air pressure data?

The three primary flight instruments that rely on the pitot-static system for air pressure data are the airspeed indicator, the altimeter, and the vertical speed indicator.

What is the primary function of the Attitude Indicator (AI) in an aircrafts instrument panel?

Shows the aircraft's pitch and roll relative to the horizon

Which of the following flight instruments indicates the aircraft's current heading relative to magnetic north?

Heading Indicator (HSI)

What are the factors that make the magnetic compass less accurate?

The magnetic compass is less accurate due to susceptibility to errors from various factors like deviation and variation

In regards to magnetic compasses, what is the error deviation?

The difference between the (inaccurate) magnetic heading indicated by the compass and the actual magnetic heading of the aircraft. It is caused by the aircraft's magnetic fields and is corrected using a compass card or other means

In regards to magnetic compasses, what is the error variation?

The angular difference between true north (geographic north) and magnetic north. It is affected by the Earth's shifting magnetic field and causes a difference in the direction of where a compass needle points compared to the actual. Variation is specific to a location and changes over time. It is corrected by using isogonic lines on a chart and adjusting the heading accordingly

What is the operational difference between the turn coordinator and the turn-and-slip indicator?

The turn coordinator indicates the rate and direction of a turn, while the turn-and-slip indicator shows the rate of turn and skidding/slipping tendencies

What type of electrical system does the Piper Archer have, and what components provide electrical power?

The Piper Archer is equipped with a 28-volt DC electrical system, and electrical power is supplied by a 70-amp, engine-driven alternator and a 24-volt lead-acid battery

What is the primary function of the vacuum system in an aircraft, and which instruments does it typically power?

The vacuum system powers gyroscopic instruments like the attitude indicator and heading indicator by drawing air to spin gyroscopes, maintaining their accuracy

What are the different formats in which engine instrument information can be displayed on the electronic engine instrument display?

Engine instrument information can be displayed in the form of analog (dial or bar graph), digital (numerical), graphic, or any combination of these formats

What essential flight instruments are typically displayed on the Primary Flight Display (PFD)?

The PFD typically displays essential flight instruments such as airspeed, altitude, attitude, and heading in a more intuitive and comprehensive manner, simplifying the pilot's scan of vital information

What type of information does a VHF Omni-Directional Radio Range (VOR) ground station provide to aircraft, and how is it transmitted?

The VOR ground station is oriented to magnetic north and transmits azimuth information to the aircraft, providing 360-degree courses TO and FROM the VOR station

What is the main underlying operating principle of an aircraft's Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)?

The main underlying operating principle of an aircraft's DME is that it measures the distance from the aircraft to the DME ground station, which is referred to as the slant range

What are the components of the Instrument Landing System (ILS) that provide lateral and vertical guidance to aircraft during approach and landing?

The components of the ILS that provide lateral and vertical guidance to aircraft during approach and landing are the localizer for horizontal guidance and the glideslope for vertical guidance

What are the three types of marker beacons typically used in an ILS approach, and what are their respective indications as an aircraft passes over them?

The three types of marker beacons used in an ILS approach are the outer marker (OM), the middle marker (MM), and the inner marker (IM). As an aircraft passes over them, the outer marker provides a visual indication of a blinking blue light and an aural indication of continuous dots and dashes, the middle marker provides a visual indication of a blinking amber light and an aural indication of continuous dots, and the inner marker provides a visual indication of a blinking white light and an aural indication of continuous dashes

What is the main function of an Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) in aircraft navigation, and what type of ground-based beacon does it typically receive signals from?

The ADF is used for non-precision navigation and determines the direction of a ground-based Non-Directional Beacon (NDB), providing relative bearing information to help pilots navigate to or from a specific radio station

What is the primary function of an aircraft's transponder, and how does it enhance air traffic control radar detection?

The primary function of an aircraft's transponder is to respond to radar interrogations by transmitting a unique code. This enhances air traffic control radar detection and provides identification and altitude information when equipped with Mode C encoding

What is the purpose of an electronic flight instrument system (efis)

These displays present flight information digitally, including attitude, altitude, airspeed, and navigation data. They offer a comprehensive view of critical flight parameters, often replacing traditional analog instruments

How many Earth-orbiting satellites make up the Global Positioning System (GPS), and what is the minimum number of satellites visible from anywhere on Earth at any given time for accurate positioning?

The Global Positioning System (GPS) comprises 31 operational satellites, with a minimum of four satellites visible from virtually any point on the planet at any given time to ensure accurate positioning. These satellites provide users with approximately 7.0 meter accuracy, 95% of the time, anywhere on or near the surface of the earth.

What is the primary function of a Flight Management System (FMS) in an aircraft?

To facilitate flight planning, navigation, and management

What is the primary function of a Multifunction Display (MFD) in an aircraft?

To consolidate various information and present it on one screen

What are deicing boots, and where are they typically located on an aircraft?

They are inflatable rubber boots on the leading edge of wings, tail, and sometimes other surfaces

What are deicing boots, and how do they function in the context of propellers or rotor blades?

They are inflatable rubber boots that break accumulated ice when activated

What is the purpose of engine anti-ice systems in aircraft, specifically in relation to the air intake?

To prevent ice formation at the air intake, ensuring uninterrupted airflow

What is the primary function of fuel heaters in an aircraft's fuel system?

To prevent freezing of the fuel

What is the purpose of pitot heat in an aircraft's pitot-static system?

To prevent ice buildup in the pitot tube and static ports

What is the primary function of weather radar in an aircraft?

To send out radio waves to detect precipitation, helping pilots identify and navigate around storms

What type of weather advisories are issued to advise en route aircraft of potentially hazardous weather?

SIGMETs

What are SIGMETS?

SIGMETs, or Significant Meteorological Information, are severe weather advisories that contain meteorological information concerning the safety of all aircraft. They cover more severe weather than AIRMETS

What are AIRMETs?

AIRMETs, or Airmen's Meteorological Information, are weather advisories that alert pilots to potential hazards in the air, other than convective activity, to single-engine, other light aircraft, and Visual Flight Rule (VFR) pilots.

There are three types of AIRMETs:

>>AIRMET Sierra (IFR) for IFR conditions and/or extensive mountain obscuration

>>AIRMET Tango for moderate turbulence

>>AIRMET Zulu for moderate icing.

AIRMETs are issued every 6 hours and are valid for a specific area and time

What is Hypoxia?

Insufficient oxygen reaching body tissues

What is hyperventilation?

increased rate and depth of breathing

What are common symptoms experienced by individuals with middle ear or sinus problems during changes in altitude?

Pressure or pain in the ears or sinuses

What is spatial disorientation?

Confusion about one's position or motion in space

What causes motion sickness?

Conflicting sensory signals to the brain

How does alcohol consumption affect a pilot's ability to fly?

Impairs judgment, coordination, and reaction time

How does carbon monoxide (CO) primarily affect the body?

Binds with red blood cells, reducing their ability to carry oxygen

Which gas, when breathed at increased pressure and then ascended too quickly, can lead to decompression sickness (DCS)?

Nitrogen

Why is decompression sickness harmful when flying

When flying at high altitudes, the reduced atmospheric pressure causes the nitrogen bubbles that have formed in tissues or bloodstream due to DCS to expand. This expansion can worsen symptoms and lead to more severe complications, including pain, joint or muscle problems, neurological issues, and potentially life-threatening conditions.

How can stress affect a pilot's performance?

Impairs judgment and decision-making

What is the purpose of 14 CFR Part 61?

This part outlines the certification requirements for pilots,flight instructors, and ground instructors. It covers the qualifications, privileges, and limitations for various pilot certificates and ratings.

What is the purpose of 14 CFR Part 71?

Part 71 deals with the establishment, amendment, and revocation of controlled airspace areas.

What is the purpose of 14 CFR Part 91?

Part 91 covers general operating and flight rules for civil aircraft in the United States.

What is the purpose of 14 CFR Part 95?

Part 95 deals with IFR altitude and routes, specifically high-altitude instrument routes (HIR).

What is the purpose of 14 CFR Part 97?

Part 97 contains standards for instrument approach procedures (IAPs) and takeoff minimums.

What is the primary purpose of the Instrument Flying Handbook?

To offer guidance for pilots and instructors in instrument flight principles and procedures

What is the primary purpose of the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM)?

To serve as a guide for flight procedures, air traffic control, regulations, and general aeronautical knowledge

What is the primary purpose of the Practical Test Standards (PTS)?

To guide evaluators in conducting standardized practical tests for pilot

What is the primary purpose of the Airport Facility Directory (A/FD)?

To offer critical data aiding flight planning, navigation, and operational decision-making for pilots and aviation professionals

What is the primary purpose of Standard Instrument Departures (SIDs)?

To transition aircraft from the terminal area to en route navigation after takeoff

What do Standard Terminal Arrivals (STARs) primarily assist aircraft with?

Safe and orderly arrivals at busy airports

What is the primary purpose of En Route Charts?

To serve as navigation aids for safe and efficient travel between departure and arrival points during the en route portion of a flight

What is the primary purpose of Standard Instrument Approach Procedure (SIAP) charts?

To outline procedures and guidelines for pilots to safely approach and land at an airport under instrument flight rules (IFR)

In aviation, what are the different types of cloud coverages:

SKC (Sky clear): No clouds covered

FEW (Few): 1/8the 2/8th of the sky covered with clouds

SCT (Scattered): 3/8th to 4/8th of the sky covered with clouds

BKN (Broken) Considered the ceiling: 5/8th to 7/8th of the sky covered with clouds

OVC (Overcast): 8/8th of the sky covered with clouds.

Each 1/8th of the sky is called an Okta