Chapter 3 - Cells

Eukaryotes

that carry out photosynthesis include plants and some protists.

Thylakoids

- flattened sacs of internal membranes inside the chloroplasts.

Eukaryotes

that carry out photosynthesis include plants and some protists.

Thylakoids

- flattened sacs of internal membranes inside the chloroplasts.

Proteins

and carbohydrates protruding from animal cells are crucial for cell communication.

Microtubules

- composed of tubulin proteins.

Hydrophobic

tails has nonpolar bonds which repel water.

Microfilaments

- composed of actin proteins.

Flagella

- Sperm uses this to swim.

Cristae

- Folds in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Hydrophilic head

has polar bonds which are attracted to water.

Plasmodesmata

- channels that pass through the plant cell wall.

Bacteria

are- prokaryotic, lack membrane- bounded organelles, and their ribosomes and DNA are free in the cytoplasm.

Matrix

- space inside the mitochondria.

ER

They originate at the and contain enzymes that digest then oxidize certain toxic molecules.

Stroma

- space inside the chloroplast.

Intermediate filaments

- have varied protein composition.

Prokaryotes

are the- most ancient forms of life.

Cilia

- Needed by airway cells to push particles like dust out of respiratory tract.

Fluid mosaics

- neither a solid nor a liquid.

Gap junctions

- are what plasmodesmata is to plant cells.

Amphipathic

- there are polar and nonpolar regions in the same molecule.

Cytoskeleton

- a network of protein tracks and tubules found in eukaryotic cells.

Cholesterol

is an example of a membrane steroid.

Chains

are sugars are attached to some of the protein and phospholipids in cell membranes.

Animal cells

are- eukaryotic.

structural support

Its functions are , aids in cell division, organelle transport, and cell movement.

Carbohydrates

protrude outward from the cell membrane.

Peroxisomes

- aid in digestion.

Cells membrane

are- phospholipid bilayers.

endomembrane system

The consists of- the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and cell membrane.

genetical material

Regardless of size, all cells have- , ribosomes, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane.

Chloroplasts

- organelles that convert energy from sunlight into glucose, which is food for the cell.

cell

A(n) is the smallest unit of life that can function independently.

Mitochondria

- extract energy from food.

sugar travels

The to the mitochondria, which extract the energy used for cellular processes.

nonpolar molecules

It is selectively permeable to lipids and small, .

Lysosomes

- contain hydrolytic enzymes.

Organelles

involved in protein production.

Phospholipids

make up the cell membrane.

Plant cells

are surrounded by a wall.

transmission electron microscope

A(n) (TEM) is a very powerful tool for- seeing internal cell structures.

RNA

is synthesized in the- nucleus.

High surface area

allows the cell to- quickly exchange materials with its surroundings.

Smaller cells

have more surface area relative to their volume.

vesicles

The contents of the are expelled to the outside of the cell.

Archaea

: cell membranes contains either linkages; cell walls lack peptidoglycan.

Electron microscopes

are used to- view the parts of the cells, and viruses, which are smaller and require higher magnification.

Cellular respiration

- converts sugars energy into a form the cell can use for work.

Light microscopes

are used to- view the entire cell.

multicellular individual

Each has a variety of cell types.

Cellular digestion

occurs in central vacuoles in plant cells which also help regulate the size and water balance of plant cells.

Cell theory was first developed in the mid

1800s, after it became possible to student using microscopes

Light microscopes are used to

view the entire cell

Electron microscopes are used to

view the parts of the cells, and viruses, which are smaller and require higher magnification

A transmission electron microscope (TEM) is a very powerful tool for

seeing internal cell structures

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is also very powerful and reveals

details on cell surfaces

Regardless of size, all cells have

genetical material, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane

Membrane

bounded Organelles

High surface area allows the cell to

quickly exchange materials with its surroundings

Membrane

Bounded Organelles

1

10

1

10

10

100

Prokaryotes are the

most ancient forms of life

Archaea

cell membranes contains either linkages; cell walls lack peptidoglycan

Eukaryotes are

larger and more complex, with many internal parts including a nucleus and other membranous organelles

Animal cells are

eukaryotic

They have many different membrane

bounded organelles

Plants are

eukaryotic

Energy

related organelles

Cell membrane function

Forms a barrier between the cells and the outside world

A phospholipid is made of

a molecule of glycerol, a phosphate group, and 2 fatty acids

Phospholipids are

amphipathic with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

Amphipathic

there are polar and nonpolar regions in the same molecule

Cells membrane are

phospholipid bilayers

Cell membranes contain proteins that carry out different functions

Transport proteins, Enzymes, Recognition Proteins, Adhesion Proteins, Receptor Proteins

They play roles in cell

cell communication

The membrane steroids keep

the membrane at the right level of fluidity

Fluid mosaics

neither a solid nor a liquid

The combination of phospholipids and proteins

forms a fluid mosaic

The nucleus

controls protein production

The nucleus contains the nucleolus

synthesizes ribosomes in protein production

RNA is synthesized in the

nucleus

The endomembrane system consists of

the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and cell membrane

Lysosomes

contain hydrolytic enzymes

Peroxisomes

aid in digestion

Mitochondria

extract energy from food

Matrix

space inside the mitochondria

Cristae

Folds in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Cellular respiration

converts sugars energy into a form the cell can use for work

Chloroplasts

organelles that convert energy from sunlight into glucose, which is food for the cell

Stroma

space inside the chloroplast

Thylakoids

flattened sacs of internal membranes inside the chloroplasts

Cytoskeleton

a network of protein tracks and tubules found in eukaryotic cells

Microfilaments

composed of actin proteins

Intermediate filaments

have varied protein composition

Microtubules

composed of tubulin proteins

Cilia

Needed by airway cells to push particles like dust out of respiratory tract

Flagella

Sperm uses this to swim

Cell wall functions

Provide mechanical strength, regulate volume, prevent cells from bursting, and role in cell specialization

Plasmodesmata

channels that pass through the plant cell wall