Studied by 2 peopleEukaryotes
________ that carry out photosynthesis include plants and some protists.
Thylakoids
________- flattened sacs of internal membranes inside the chloroplasts.
Proteins
________ and carbohydrates protruding from animal cells are crucial for cell communication.
Microtubules
________- composed of tubulin proteins.
Hydrophobic
________ tails has nonpolar bonds which repel water.
Microfilaments
________- composed of actin proteins.
Flagella
________- Sperm uses this to swim.
Cristae
________- Folds in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Hydrophilic head
________ has polar bonds which are attracted to water.
Plasmodesmata
________- channels that pass through the plant cell wall.
Bacteria
________ are- prokaryotic, lack membrane- bounded organelles, and their ribosomes and DNA are free in the cytoplasm.
Matrix
________- space inside the mitochondria.
ER
They originate at the ________ and contain enzymes that digest then oxidize certain toxic molecules.
Stroma
________- space inside the chloroplast.
Intermediate filaments
________- have varied protein composition.
Prokaryotes
________ are the- most ancient forms of life.
Cilia
________- Needed by airway cells to push particles like dust out of respiratory tract.
Fluid mosaics
________- neither a solid nor a liquid.
Gap junctions
________- are what plasmodesmata is to plant cells.
Amphipathic
________- there are polar and nonpolar regions in the same molecule.
Cytoskeleton
________- a network of protein tracks and tubules found in eukaryotic cells.
Cholesterol
________ is an example of a membrane steroid.
Chains
________ are sugars are attached to some of the protein and phospholipids in cell membranes.
Animal cells
________ are- eukaryotic.
structural support
Its functions are ________, aids in cell division, organelle transport, and cell movement.
Carbohydrates
________ protrude outward from the cell membrane.
Peroxisomes
________- aid in digestion.
Cells membrane
________ are- phospholipid bilayers.
endomembrane system
The ________ consists of- the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and cell membrane.
genetical material
Regardless of size, all cells have- ________, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane.
Chloroplasts
________- organelles that convert energy from sunlight into glucose, which is food for the cell.
cell
A(n) ________ is the smallest unit of life that can function independently.
Mitochondria
________- extract energy from food.
sugar travels
The ________ to the mitochondria, which extract the energy used for cellular processes.
nonpolar molecules
It is selectively permeable to lipids and small, ________.
Lysosomes
________- contain hydrolytic enzymes.
Organelles
________ involved in protein production.
Phospholipids
________ make up the cell membrane.
Plant cells
________ are surrounded by a wall.
transmission electron microscope
A(n) ________ (TEM) is a very powerful tool for- seeing internal cell structures.
RNA
________ is synthesized in the- nucleus.
High surface area
________ allows the cell to- quickly exchange materials with its surroundings.
Smaller cells
________ have more surface area relative to their volume.
vesicles
The contents of the ________ are expelled to the outside of the cell.
Archaea
________: cell membranes contains either linkages; cell walls lack peptidoglycan.
Electron microscopes
________ are used to- view the parts of the cells, and viruses, which are smaller and require higher magnification.
Cellular respiration
________- converts sugars energy into a form the cell can use for work.
Light microscopes
________ are used to- view the entire cell.
multicellular individual
Each ________ has a variety of cell types.
Cellular digestion
________ occurs in central vacuoles in plant cells which also help regulate the size and water balance of plant cells.
Cell theory was first developed in the mid
1800s, after it became possible to student using microscopes
Light microscopes are used to
view the entire cell
Electron microscopes are used to
view the parts of the cells, and viruses, which are smaller and require higher magnification
A transmission electron microscope (TEM) is a very powerful tool for
seeing internal cell structures
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is also very powerful and reveals
details on cell surfaces
Regardless of size, all cells have
genetical material, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane
Membrane
bounded Organelles
High surface area allows the cell to
quickly exchange materials with its surroundings
Membrane
Bounded Organelles
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10
1
10
10
100
Prokaryotes are the
most ancient forms of life
Archaea
cell membranes contains either linkages; cell walls lack peptidoglycan
Eukaryotes are
larger and more complex, with many internal parts including a nucleus and other membranous organelles
Animal cells are
eukaryotic
They have many different membrane
bounded organelles
Plants are
eukaryotic
Energy
related organelles
Cell membrane function
Forms a barrier between the cells and the outside world
A phospholipid is made of
a molecule of glycerol, a phosphate group, and 2 fatty acids
Phospholipids are
amphipathic with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
Amphipathic
there are polar and nonpolar regions in the same molecule
Cells membrane are
phospholipid bilayers
Cell membranes contain proteins that carry out different functions
Transport proteins, Enzymes, Recognition Proteins, Adhesion Proteins, Receptor Proteins
They play roles in cell
cell communication
The membrane steroids keep
the membrane at the right level of fluidity
Fluid mosaics
neither a solid nor a liquid
The combination of phospholipids and proteins
forms a fluid mosaic
The nucleus
controls protein production
The nucleus contains the nucleolus
synthesizes ribosomes in protein production
RNA is synthesized in the
nucleus
The endomembrane system consists of
the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and cell membrane
Lysosomes
contain hydrolytic enzymes
Peroxisomes
aid in digestion
Mitochondria
extract energy from food
Matrix
space inside the mitochondria
Cristae
Folds in the inner mitochondrial membrane
Cellular respiration
converts sugars energy into a form the cell can use for work
Chloroplasts
organelles that convert energy from sunlight into glucose, which is food for the cell
Stroma
space inside the chloroplast
Thylakoids
flattened sacs of internal membranes inside the chloroplasts
Cytoskeleton
a network of protein tracks and tubules found in eukaryotic cells
Microfilaments
composed of actin proteins
Intermediate filaments
have varied protein composition
Microtubules
composed of tubulin proteins
Cilia
Needed by airway cells to push particles like dust out of respiratory tract
Flagella
Sperm uses this to swim
Cell wall functions
Provide mechanical strength, regulate volume, prevent cells from bursting, and role in cell specialization
Plasmodesmata
channels that pass through the plant cell wall
Note 
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