APHG Unit 4

State (country)

• defined boundaries

• Permanently population

• Sovereignty Over its domestic and international affairs

• Recognised by other states

Sovereignty

Power of a political unit to rule over its own affairs

Nation

A group of people that:

• Share a common cultural heritage

• Have beliefs and values that help unify them

• Claim a particular space as their homeland

• Desire to have their home state

nation-states

A state in which the cultural borders of a nation correspond with the state borders of a country

ethnicity

a group of people that:

• share a common cultural heritage

• have beliefs and values that help unify them

race

a socially imposed definition by the dominant group

stateless nations

nations without a state

autonomous nation

a defined area that governs independently

multistate nation

multiple states that are occupied by the same nation

multiethnic state

multiple ethnicities living in the same state

territoriality

willingness by 1 person or group of people to defend the space they claim

Things technology has done

promoted and weakened globalization, supported democratization, increased time-space compression

centripetal forces

a force that unites a group of people

centrifugal forces

a force that divides or splits apart a group of people

geopolitics

study of the effects of geography on politics and relationships between states

organic theory creator

friedrich ratzel - German biologist

organic theory

states are born, need to be nourished, and living space to survive

defined boundary

a boundary established by a legal document

delimited boundary

a line drawn on a map to how the limits of a space

demarcated boundary

a boundary marked by physical objects such as fences or walls to indicate its limits.

frontiers

border between states or countries that lacks clear legal or physical marking.

landlocked country

a country that doesn’t have a direct access to any body of open water

effects of borders

• need to be cooperative

• increased cost of imports and exports

• limited transportation

• econ and militarily vulnerable

definitional border dispute

position, usually an antecedent boundary that arises when states disagree about the interpretation or representation of the boundary line.

locational border dispute

territiorial, usually an antecedent boundary that occurs when states disagree on the physical location of a boundary.

irredentism

a political movement or claim based on national, ethnic, or historical ties, seeking to reclaim or unite territory that a group believes rightfully belongs to their nation, often involving claims to territory currently under the control of another state.

operational border dispute

dispute of the functionality of a border and how immigration policies should be enforced, managed, or regulated by states.

allocation border dispute

a dispute over the right to resources

state controls this 12 nautical miles out

sovereignty over territorial waters -commercial vessel pass but non-commercial challenged

State controls this 24 nautical miles

limited sovereignty to enforce customs, immigration, and sanitation

State controls 200 nautical miles

exclusive economic zone - own the resources

Nautical miles till open seas

200

redistricting

redrawing of district boundaries based on census and reapportionment

gerrymandering

redistricting with political motives

two types of national gov

federal and unitary

devolution

transfer of political power from central govt to sub-national levels

ethnicity

group that shares cultural traditions of a particular hearth

nationality

group of people that share a legal attachment to a country

diaspora

People who come from a common ethnic background but who live in different regions outside of the home of their ethnicity

Ethnic or cultural identity

the means by which many political scientists analyze the dynamics of world politics (fragmentation and divisions)

social geography definition of race

differences based upon physiological variations such as skin color

example of nation state

denmark

example of stateless nation

Palestine

example for nation that sought self-determination

Canadian province of Quebec

example of a multistate nation

the Kurds

sign that a nation has lost its sovereignty

unable to carry out action or policies without international interference

colony

a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state

Taiwan

an example of a place that is likely to be considered a state by other nations

city-state

first kind of sovereign states - comprised of a town and the surrounding countryside

who made the heartland theory

Mackinder

what does the heartland theory state

whoever owns the heartland of Eastern Europe will control the world

would Control the world if heartland theory was applied today

Russia

world largest shatter belt from 1950s-1970s

southeast asia

domino theory

made by the CIA in the US in 1970s to explain the potential spread of communism

fragmented

what country shape would suffer the most from isolation

example of fragmented state

phillipines

example of landlocked state

nepal

example of compact state

poland

compact state

countries where the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly, creating a roughly circular shape

supranational organization

countries come together for a common purpose - which somewhat limits their individual powers - to fulfill their purpose

balkanization

the process by which a state fragments through ethnic conflict

example of ethnic conflict

Balkans

Kurds

which groups desire for an independent state is a devolutionary force in turkey and iraq

physical boundary

A naturally occurring feature such as rivers, mountains, or deserts that serves as a border between countries or regions.

cultural boundary

A boundary that is based on cultural traits such as language, religion, or ethnicity, distinguishing groups from one another.

example of demarcation

berlin wall in germany

example of superimposed boundary

A boundary that is imposed on the cultural landscape, often without regard for existing cultural or social patterns, such as colonial borders drawn by European powers in Africa.

antecedent boundary

A boundary that predates the cultural landscape and was established before the area became densely populated

antecedent boundary example

19th parallel between US and Canada

consequent boundary

boundary drawn to accommodate existing cultural, religious, or ethnic differences within a region, often to separate groups that were previously in conflict or to create a more cohesive state

exclave

a portion of territory that is politically attached to a larger territory but is not physically connected to it. Example: Alaska is an exclave of the U.S.