Gastrointestinal Diseases Chapter 25 (food poisoning/an intoxication not infection)

What are diseases caused by preformed toxins in food called?

Intoxications

Name a bacterium that can cause food intoxication.

Staphylococcus

Which bacterium is associated with food intoxication and is known for causing botulism?

Clostridium botulinum

Which bacterium is known for causing food intoxication and is often linked to improperly cooked meat?

Clostridium perfringens

What is another bacterium that can cause food intoxication?

Bacillus cereus

What is the general term for illnesses caused by consuming food contaminated with toxins?

Food poisoning

What bacteria makes several enterotoxins?

S.aureus

What is the most common enterotoxin produced by S. aureus that is often associated with coagulase-producing strains?

Enterotoxin A

What effect does Enterotoxin A have on the intestines?

It inflames the intestines.

What center of the brain does Enterotoxin A stimulate?

The vomiting center.

Is Enterotoxin A heat stable?

Yes

Can Enterotoxin A travel into the bloodstream?

Yes

What can Enterotoxin A do after entering the bloodstream?

It can travel back to the intestine.

What type of toxin does Clostridium perfringens produce?

Enterotoxin

What type of organism is Clostridium perfringens?

Endospore former

Can Clostridium perfringens survive cooking?

Yes, it can survive in food even after cooking.

What happens to Clostridium perfringens endospores under favorable conditions?

They can germinate.

Where can Clostridium perfringens be found?

In most foods

What condition can occur if Clostridium perfringens endospores enter through an open cut?

Gas gangrene

_______ _______ makes two different enterotoxins.

bacillus cereus

What two symptoms do the enterotoxins made by Bacillus cereus cause?

vomiting and diarrhea

Why doesn't heating up food with Bacillus cereus get rid of it?

It makes an endospore which can eventually germinate

inflammation of the intestine

enteritis

if the large intestine is involved its called

dysentery

Systemic infections are called

enteric fever

What is the dominant organism causing salmonellosis?

Salmonella enterica

What types of sources can Salmonella enterica contaminate?

Animals, water, reptiles, and human carriers

Which food products are often contaminated by Salmonella enterica?

Meat and dairy products

What type of toxin does Salmonella enterica produce?

Endotoxin

What is the classification of Salmonella enterica in terms of gram staining?

Gram-negative

What are some complications associated with salmonellosis?

Enterocolitis and spread to other organs

How does Salmonella enterica typically enter the body?

Through food, water, and reptiles

What is the replication process of Salmonella enterica in the body?

It attaches to the membrane, enters cells, replicates, and then releases.

Where does Salmonella enterica usually remain in the body?

In the intestinal tract, but it can enter circulation

What organism causes typhoid fever?

Salmonella typhi

How does Salmonella typhi spread in the body?

It travels from the intestine into the lymph tissue and multiplies in the macrophages.

What serious condition can Salmonella typhi lead to?

Septicemia

What type of vaccine is available for Salmonella typhi?

An attenuated vaccine

Where can Salmonella typhi survive in the human body?

In the gallbladder

What is a potential outcome for individuals infected with Salmonella typhi?

They can become chronic carriers.

What is the primary treatment for typhoid fever?

Antibiotics

Is typhoid fever considered an enteric infection?

No, it is considered a systemic infection.

What can happen if typhoid fever progresses?

It could lead to septic shock.

How does Salmonella typhi enter the body?

Through food

What is another name for shigellosis?

Bacillary dysentery

What type of toxin does the organism that causes shigellosis produce?

Endotoxin

Which organisms are the only known hosts for shigellosis?

Humans and primates

How is shigellosis typically ingested and where is it found?

With food and found in unclean environments

What are the main health issues caused by shigellosis?

Dehydration and electrolyte loss

Which species of Shigella is the most common in the USA?

S. sonnei

What neurotoxin is produced by S. dysenteriae?

Shiga toxin

What is the consequence of untreated shigellosis?

A person can go into a coma and die

What type of bacteria causes shigellosis?

Gram negative

What causes electrolyte loss in shigellosis?

Diarrhea

What potent toxin is carried by the organism that causes shigellosis?

Shigatoxin

How does the organism that causes shigellosis evade the immune system?

By manipulating actin

what bacteria causes cholera?

Vibrio cholerae

Vibrio cholerae makes an enterotoxin called

cholera toxin

What does cholera toxin cause?

intestinal lining damage

What is a characteristic of Vibrio cholerae infection that can result in severe dehydration resulting in shock?

rice water stools

Vibrio cholerae can contaminate

water and shellfish

What is a milder form of Vibrio cholerae?

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Vibrio parahaemolyticus leads to

vibriosis

What do enteroinvasive strains (EIEC) produce that allows them to attach to and invade mucosal cells?

K antigen from plasmids

What condition can a person develop after recovering from an EIEC infection?

Lactose intolerance and irritable bowel syndrome

What do enterotoxigenic strains (ETEC) produce that can cause severe dehydration?

Enterotoxins carried on plasmids

What is a common cause of traveler's diarrhea?

Enterotoxigenic strains (ETEC)

What toxin do enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) carry?

Shiga-like toxin

What is the EHEC serotype often associated with severe illness?

O157:H7

What serious complication can arise from EHEC infections?

Hemolytic uremic syndrome

What type of infections can E. coli cause when it acts as an opportunistic pathogen?

Urinary tract infections

Why do health inspectors test for E. coli in water samples?

Its presence suggests contamination with fecal material

What happens to intestinal cells after recovery from an EIEC infection?

They can be replaced but not at full capacity

What is a characteristic of E. coli in relation to the intestines?

Common in all human and animal intestines

What can invasive strains of E. coli cause in the intestine?

Holes in the intestine

What organisms are often associated with undercooked chicken and can cause copious diarrhea?

Campylobacter jejuni and C.fetus

What is causes yersiniosis?

Yersinia enterocolitica

What type of environments does Yersinia enterocolitica prefer?

Marine environments

What toxin does Yersinia enterocolitica produce that can make a person sick?

Enterotoxin

At what temperatures can Yersinia enterocolitica survive and grow?

Refrigerator temperatures

What condition can Yersinia enterocolitica infection mimic?

Appendicitis

what organisms cause Campylobacter?

campylobacter jejuni and C.fetus

What organism can survive the acidity of the stomach?

Helicobacter pylori

What condition can Helicobacter pylori lead to?

Peptic ulcers

How does Helicobacter pylori survive in the stomach?

It neutralizes stomach acidity by secreting basic by-products.

Where does Helicobacter pylori multiply in the body?

In the stomach mucosa.

What percentage of peptic ulcers can be cured by antibiotic treatment?

Up to 90%

What serious condition is linked to Helicobacter pylori infection?

Stomach cancer

What type of toxins have been found in some strains of Helicobacter pylori?

Genotoxins

What does Helicobacter pylori create to help it grow in the stomach?

A basic area

What is a characteristic behavior of Helicobacter pylori in the stomach mucosa?

It burrows down into the stomach mucous membrane.

What type of bacteria is Clostridioides difficile?

Gram positive, anaerobic endospore forming rod

Clostridioides difficile is a major cause of what two things?

antibiotic-associated colitis and pseudomembranous colitis.

All strains of Clostridioides difficile produce how many toxins?

two toxins

What is responsible for most of the observable symptoms of Clostridioides difficile infection?

Enterotoxin

What can cause relapse of Clostridioides difficile infection?

Endospore germination

Is Clostridioides difficile part of the normal flora?

Yes

How does antibiotic treatment affect Clostridioides difficile?

It disturbs intestinal flora

Are endospores of Clostridioides difficile affected by antibiotics?

No

Why is Clostridioides difficile difficult to treat?

Due to its endospore formation and toxin production