L2: Northern Elephant Seal, Basic Science Values and Extra Scientific Values of nature, C. Exponential Growth

How long do elephant seals dive and feed for?

10 months after march

spend 90% of life at great depths, with lungs collapsed

other 2 month is for breeding

heart rate slows while diving

How do elephant seals sleep?

like humans, shutting down their brains completely

What do elephant seals eat?

Lantern Fish

What part of the elephant seals population history was exponential?

rapid population growth after they recolonized California lands and shore

What is the timeline of the elephant seals

1800s, northern elephant seals were abundant and were hunted

1850s, scarce,

1920 only were found on guadalupe island

_______ in Values, from ________ to ___________

Reversal, Exploitation to protection

Values of Basic Science (written by Kenneth Boulding): Curiosity

Started: European Renaissance 15th centry

humanisms and rediscovery

European intellectual movement (17-18th century): culturally and philosophically emphasized reason rather than tradition or religion

• science: an those, new set of values

Values of basic science

1. theory

2. logic, reason, and rationality,

3. testing

4. Empiricism

5. About the natural world

6. Objectivity

Theory

A proposition about how the world works

IMPORTANT: Theory is not the opposite of fact

you have a theory about everything you perceive, theory is also called a model

Logic, reason, and rationality

induction and deduction, operating upon concepts in abstraction, math and logical models

Testing

brining evidence to bear on hypotheses

multiple, independent lines of evidence

Empiricism

pursuit of knowledge through experience

observation and experimentation by means of the senses

gathering data

About the natural world,

as opposed to the supernatural

Objectivity

“just unbiased, not influenced by emotions, prejudice, ideology or personal or group point of view”

Subjectivity is objectivity’s evil twin

ex: the value of pi, E =mc², earths rotation, these statements are true independently of one’s belief

Subjectivity personified

social forces: a notoriously messy medium to which the personalities of individuals —not to mention the complexities of culture, ideology, and politics

perceptive more of own personal, group or mindset than external stimuli

Intrinsic value of species and the environment is _______________

a subjective belief

Exponential Growth

occurs when the growth rate is CONSTANT among generations

If you say growth is exponential, then the rate of change Ro is CONSTANT

If the rate changes progessively (increases or decreases), then growth is NOT exponential

When R0 is LESS than 1, population is decreasing. On an Arithmetic plot the line is

L shaped

Arithmetic plots cannot reveal exponential growth,

semi-log plots can, if it is constant linear

Sub-exponential means that

Ro is decreasing BETWEEN generations

Arithmetic axes

distance between plots, increases by addition, and decreases by substraction, unchanging dimensions

ex: distance between 10 and 20 is the same as 80 to 90.

What are examples of exponential growth?

spread of epidemic diseases

The rate of spread of a disease is analogous to

the rate of growth of a population

the rate of disease spread is also called R0 = the number of infections per infected individual

What does the semi-log graph line looks like if Ro is increasing

J shaped

What does the semi-log graph line looks like if Ro is decreases

logistic

What species is the best example of exponential growth?

Whooping Crane

1938-2010 exponential growth no density dependence, populations are below K

Between 2010 and 2020, Ro of whopping cranes increased. Why?

1. ends of both captive breeding and ultralight guidance

2. natural breeding and migration gives greater fledging and learning of migration routes

3. more breeding sites in new wildlife areas

NES adult females:

b. gain weight by eating fish

c. lose weight through feeding their pups

About what time did the values of NES change from exploitation to intrinsic

1922: When the mexican government protected them

Science

as a set of values held dear by scientists. Some of these values are also held dear by much of humanity that does not do science

How does God come to play in sicence?

It doesnt, science does not say anything about supernaturals

Exponential growth population

means a constant rate growth and the net of birds - deaths does not change