Kinesiology Exam #3

Gluteus Maximus - Origin

Posterior ilium, sacrum, coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament

Gluteus Maximus - Insertion

Iliotibial band (IT band); gluteal tuberosity of femur

Gluteus Maximus - Action

Hip extension; hip external rotation; upper fibers: abduction; lower fibers: adduction

Gluteus Medius - Origin

Outer ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines

Gluteus Medius - Insertion

Greater trochanter of femur (lateral surface)

Gluteus Medius - Action

Hip abduction; anterior fibers: internal rotation & flexion; posterior fibers: external rotation & extension; pelvic stabilization in gait

Gluteus Minimus - Origin

Outer ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines

Gluteus Minimus - Insertion

Greater trochanter of femur (anterior surface)

Gluteus Minimus - Action

Hip abduction; hip internal rotation; assists hip flexion; pelvic stabilization

Tensor Fasciae Latae - Origin

Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS); anterior iliac crest

Tensor Fasciae Latae - Insertion

Iliotibial band → lateral condyle of tibia

Tensor Fasciae Latae - Action

Hip flexion; hip abduction; hip internal rotation; knee stabilization via IT band

Iliopsoas - Origin

Iliacus: iliac fossa. Psoas major: T12–L5 vertebral bodies & transverse processes

Iliopsoas - Insertion

Lesser trochanter of femur

Iliopsoas - Action

Primary hip flexor; hip external rotation; lumbar spine flexion (psoas)

Hip External Rotators (Deep Six) - Origin

Piriformis: anterior sacrum. Obturator internus: inner obturator membrane. Obturator externus: outer obturator membrane. Gemellus superior: ischial spine. Gemellus inferior: ischial tuberosity. Quadratus femoris: ischial tuberosity

Hip External Rotators (Deep Six) - Insertion

Greater trochanter (piriformis, obturator internus, gemelli); trochanteric fossa (obturator externus); intertrochanteric crest (quadratus femoris)

Hip External Rotators (Deep Six) - Action

Hip external rotation (all); piriformis also abducts when hip is flexed; pelvic and femoral stabilization

Hip Internal Rotators - Origin

Anterior fibers of gluteus medius & minimus; tensor fasciae latae

Hip Internal Rotators - Insertion

Greater trochanter (anterior surface); iliotibial band

Hip Internal Rotators - Action

Hip internal rotation; hip abduction; hip flexion assistance; pelvic stabilization

Sartorius - Origin

Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)

Sartorius - Insertion

Medial proximal tibia (pes anserinus)

Sartorius - Action

Hip flexion; hip external rotation; hip abduction; knee flexion; knee internal rotation

Quadriceps - Origin

Rectus femoris: AIIS & acetabular rim. Vastus lateralis/intermedius/medialis: linea aspera & proximal femur

Quadriceps - Insertion

Patella → patellar tendon → tibial tuberosity

Quadriceps - Action

Knee extension (all four heads); hip flexion (rectus femoris only)

Medial Hamstrings (Semimembranosus & Semitendinosus) - Origin

Ischial tuberosity

Medial Hamstrings - Insertion

Semimembranosus: posterior medial tibial condyle. Semitendinosus: medial tibia (pes anserinus)

Medial Hamstrings - Action

Knee flexion; hip extension; knee internal rotation (when knee flexed)

Lateral Hamstring (Biceps Femoris) - Origin

Long head: ischial tuberosity. Short head: lateral linea aspera

Lateral Hamstring (Biceps Femoris) - Insertion

Head of fibula; lateral condyle of tibia

Lateral Hamstring (Biceps Femoris) - Action

Knee flexion; hip extension (long head only); knee external rotation (when knee flexed)

Gastrocnemius - Origin

Medial and lateral femoral condyles (posterior surface)

Gastrocnemius - Insertion

Calcaneus via Achilles tendon

Gastrocnemius - Action

Plantarflexion; knee flexion (bi-articular); propulsion in gait

Soleus - Origin

Posterior head of fibula; soleal line and posterior border of tibia

Soleus - Insertion

Calcaneus via Achilles tendon

Soleus - Action

Plantarflexion; primary postural stabilizer of ankle; venous pump in lower leg

Tibialis Anterior - Origin

Lateral condyle and upper 2/3 of lateral tibial shaft; interosseous membrane

Tibialis Anterior - Insertion

Medial cuneiform; base of 1st metatarsal

Tibialis Anterior - Action

Dorsiflexion; foot inversion; supports medial longitudinal arch

Tibialis Posterior - Origin

Posterior tibia; posterior fibula; interosseous membrane

Tibialis Posterior - Insertion

Navicular tuberosity; cuneiforms; cuboid; bases of 2nd–4th metatarsals

Tibialis Posterior - Action

Plantarflexion; foot inversion; primary support of medial longitudinal arch; midfoot stabilization

Peroneus (Fibularis) Longus - Origin

Head and upper 2/3 of lateral fibula

Peroneus (Fibularis) Longus - Insertion

Medial cuneiform; base of 1st metatarsal (crosses plantar surface of foot)

Peroneus (Fibularis) Longus - Action

Foot eversion; plantarflexion; supports transverse and lateral arches

Peroneus (Fibularis) Brevis - Origin

Lower 2/3 of lateral fibula

Peroneus (Fibularis) Brevis - Insertion

Base of 5th metatarsal (styloid process)

Peroneus (Fibularis) Brevis - Action

Foot eversion; plantarflexion; stabilizes lateral ankle

Extensor Digitorum Longus - Origin

Lateral condyle of tibia; anterior fibula; interosseous membrane

Extensor Digitorum Longus - Insertion

Dorsal expansion of 2nd–5th toes (middle and distal phalanges)

Extensor Digitorum Longus - Action

Extension of toes 2–5; dorsiflexion; foot eversion

Extensor Digitorum Brevis - Origin

Dorsal surface of calcaneus (anterior)

Extensor Digitorum Brevis - Insertion

Dorsal expansion of toes 1–4 (proximal phalanges)

Extensor Digitorum Brevis - Action

Extension of toes 1–4; assists extensor digitorum longus

Flexor Digitorum Longus - Origin

Posterior surface of tibia (below soleal line)

Flexor Digitorum Longus - Insertion

Plantar surface of distal phalanges of toes 2–5

Flexor Digitorum Longus - Action

Flexion of toes 2–5 (DIP, PIP, MTP); plantarflexion; foot inversion

Flexor Digitorum Brevis - Origin

Plantar surface of calcaneus (medial tubercle); plantar fascia

Flexor Digitorum Brevis - Insertion

Middle phalanges of toes 2–5 (splits to allow FDL through)

Flexor Digitorum Brevis - Action

Flexion of toes 2–5 at PIP and MTP joints; supports longitudinal arch

Extensor Hallucis Longus - Origin

Middle anterior fibula; interosseous membrane

Extensor Hallucis Longus - Insertion

Dorsal surface of distal phalanx of great toe

Extensor Hallucis Longus - Action

Extension of great toe; dorsiflexion; foot inversion

Flexor Hallucis Longus - Origin

Posterior fibula (lower 2/3); interosseous membrane

Flexor Hallucis Longus - Insertion

Plantar surface of distal phalanx of great toe

Flexor Hallucis Longus - Action

Flexion of great toe (IP and MTP); plantarflexion; foot inversion; push-off in gait

Flexor Hallucis Brevis - Origin

Plantar surface of cuboid; lateral cuneiforms; tibialis posterior tendon

Flexor Hallucis Brevis - Insertion

Medial and lateral base of proximal phalanx of great toe (two heads with embedded sesamoids)

Flexor Hallucis Brevis - Action

Flexion of great toe at MTP joint; stabilizes medial forefoot; supports push-off