Microscopy, Terminology, Cell Components & Cycle, Tissues Review

Vocabulary review flashcards covering compound microscope components, anatomical terminology, body regions and recumbency, cell membrane components, organelles, cell cycle phases, and tissue types.

Oculars

Magnifies by $10\times$; the microscope components through which one looks.

Objectives

Magnifying lenses with different powers: Scanning ($3.5\text{-}4.5\times$), Low power ($10\times$), High power ($40\times$), and Oil immersion ($100\times$).

Stage

The platform on the microscope where the slide sits.

Iris diaphragm

Controls the amount of light coming through the stage.

Condenser

Concentrates light onto the slide.

Source of light

Directs light at the condenser.

Fine adjusters

Focusing knobs used with high power.

Coarse adjusters

Focusing knobs used with Scanning or lower power.

Rheostat

Controls light intensity on the microscope.

Sagittal plane

Separates left from right, but not directly in the middle.

Medial plane

Separates left from right directly in the middle.

Dorsal plane

Separates ventral and dorsal surfaces.

Transverse plane

Separates cranial and caudal regions.

Cranial

Directional term meaning towards the head.

Caudal

Directional term meaning towards the tail.

Rostral

Directional term meaning towards the nose.

Proximal

Directional term meaning towards a point of the body.

Distal

Directional term meaning away from a point of the body.

Lateral (directional)

Directional term meaning towards the outside of the body.

Medial (directional)

Directional term meaning towards the middle of the body.

Lateral surface

Anatomical surface referring to the sides of an animal.

Dorsal surface

Anatomical surface referring to the back of an animal.

Ventral surface

Anatomical surface referring to the abdomen of an animal.

Palmar surface

Surface referring to the bottom of front paws.

Plantar surface

Surface referring to the bottom of back paws.

Muzzle

Body section corresponding to the nose/mouth area.

Poll

Body section located between the ears.

Withers

Body section corresponding to the neck area.

Barrel

Body section corresponding to the trunk of the body.

Tailhead

Body section corresponding to the head of the tail.

Stifle

Anatomical section corresponding to the femorotibial joint.

Hock

Anatomical section corresponding to the tarsus.

Flank

The lateral surface of the lower abdomen.

Knee / Carpus

The carpus region in hoofed animals.

Brisket

Body section corresponding to the chest area.

Recumbency positions

Postural terms describing laying position: Lateral (laying on their side), Dorsal (laying on their back), Sternal (laying on their sternum), and Ventral (laying on their stomach).

Channel protein

Plasma membrane protein that controls what can pass through.

Cholesterol

Molecules that are inbetween the phospholipids in the cell membrane.

Integral protein

Globular proteins that are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer.

Phospholipids (tail)

Forms the inner world of the plasma membrane.

Phospholipids (head)

Creates $2$ rows forming the inner & outer layer of the membrane.

Centrioles

Rod-shaped structures that lie at right angles.

Golgi apparatus

Organelle composed of tiny, flat sacs stacked together.

Lysosome

Organelle pinched off of the Golgi apparatus.

Microvilli

Finger-like folds on the plasma membrane.

Mitochondrion

Rod-shaped organelle located in the cytosol.

Nuclear pore

Structure in the nuclear envelope that exports large nucleic acids.

Ribosome

Small spherical structures that are free floating and/or embedded.

Rough ER

Endoplasmic reticulum that has ribosomes attached.

Smooth ER

Endoplasmic reticulum that has no ribosomes.

Interphase

The period between cell divisions.

G1 phase

Phase of interphase where cells double in size.

S phase

Phase of interphase where DNA replicates.

G2 phase

Phase of interphase where DNA is duplicated and the nucleus prepares for division.

Prophase

First phase of mitosis where the nuclear membrane breaks down.

Metaphase

Mitotic phase where chromosomes line up in the middle.

Anaphase

Mitotic phase where centromeres split and chromatids separate.

Telophase

Mitotic phase where chromosomes uncoil & nucleoli reappear.

Cytokinesis

The physical division of the cell.

Simple epithelium

Epithelial tissue composed of $1$ layer of cells.

Stratified epithelium

Epithelial tissue composed of multiple layers of cells.

Pseudostratified epithelium

Fake stratified epithelial tissue that appears multi-layered but consists of a single layer.

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Multiple layers of cube-shaped epithelial cells, such as in sweat glands from the scalp ($40\times$).

Areolar connective tissue

Loose connective tissue located between other tissues; functions in connection.

Adipose tissue

Loose connective tissue located under the skin; functions in protection.

Reticular connective tissue

Loose connective tissue providing an inner framework for organs like bone marrow; functions in support.

Dense regular connective tissue

Dense connective tissue found in tendons that is flexible and strong.

Dense irregular connective tissue

Dense connective tissue found in dermis and scars; functions in connection & support.

Elastic connective tissue

Dense connective tissue found in the walls of some arteries; flexible.

Hyaline cartilage

Specialized connective tissue located in nasal and articular surfaces (such as the trachea); firm but flexible.

Elastic cartilage

Specialized connective tissue located in the external ear; highly flexible.

Fibrocartilage

Specialized connective tissue forming discs between vertebrae; tough, not flexible.

Ground Bone

Specialized connective tissue ($10\times$ ground bone) containing Harversian systems, Harversian canals, lacunae with osteocytes, canaliculi, and Volkmann's canals.

Smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle located in the bladder that looks like small spindle cells.

Skeletal muscle

Voluntary muscle located in the skeletal system that looks like long cells with multiple nuclei.

Cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle located in the heart that looks like horizontal cells with intercalated discs.