final exam - reflective judgement 7 stages (11.13)

stage 1

knowledge is absolute

obtained thru direct observation

beliefs need no justification

what is believed is what is true (no alternative)

“it’s true, i heard it”

stage 2

knowledge is certain but not immediately available

can be obtained thru direct observation or thru authorities

justified via authorities - most issues seem to have a right answer

“it’s true, my parents watch a lot of news + they told me about it”

stage 3

knowledge can be temporarily uncertain

only know intuition and bias until absolute is obtained

answers justified via authorities, if not authorities - intuition

“i’m not sure, my friend trusts NBC more than CNN”

stage 4

knowledge is uncertain - only know our own beliefs

justified via reference to evidence that fits bias

“not sure, makes sense lot of ppl believe this”

stage 5

knowledge is subjective - via perception, cannot fully know

only know our interpretation

justifications are context specific or balanced against each other - delay conclusion

“there’s really no way to know - maybe both are true”

stage 6

knowledge is personally constructed via evaluation of evidence, other opinions …

justified by comparing evidence/opinions across contexts

“NBC seems to be consistent across sources”

stage 7

knowledge constructed via reasonable inquiry (what is most probable based on evidence)

beliefs are justified probabilistically via evidence/argument

“NBC consistent with others… this orig from FB - how reliable…my thoughts… so most likely”