Jim Crow Era, 1883-1900

When and how did the Suprmee Court rule that the 14th Amendment only applied to the black situation?

1873, 5 to 4, Slaughterhouse cases

When did the Supreme Court rule the Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional?

1883, 8 to 1 decision

When did the supreme court rule 'separate but equal'?

1896, Plessy v. Ferguson, 7 to 1

When and what was the ruling of Williams vs Mississippi?

1898, 9 to 0, Mississippi constitution isn’t discriminatory

When and what was the ruling of Cummings vs Board of Education?

1899, 9 to 0, Richmond, Georgia education didn’t violate the constitution

Who was the only supreme court judge who opposed the decisions on the civil rights cases?

Marshall Harlan, ‘Great dissenter’

When did Florida introduced segregation to railway travel and what was the punishment?

1887, fine of $500, or whipped 39 times

What’s de facto segregation?

Separation through social conditions

What’s de jure segregation?

Separation imposed through law

Estimated number of lynchings?

Between 1880 and 1900, there were 1678 known lynchings

What was Social Darwinism?

Scientific proof of Black inferiority and white supremacy

When and how did Louisiana introduce the Grandfather Clause?

1898, by a 96 to 28 vote, literacy test and only people whose grandfathers had voted could vote

What happened in Mississippi in 1890?

New state constitution, poll tax of $2 and a literacy test

Impact of poll tax and literacy test in Mississippi

In 1890 67% of voting age were black, 1892 dropped to 5.7%

By how much did southern voting decrease by?

Black voting dropped by 65% and white voting 26%, by 1900 only 3% of Black Southern males could vote

When was the literacy qualification introduced in South Carolina?

1882

What was gerrymandering?

Redrawing congressional districts into a single black majority – ‘shoestring district’

How much did migration to the Northern states such as New York increase by?

Between 1880 and 1900, from 65,000 to 100,000

How much did migration to the Western states increase by?

In 1879 around 6000 from the Old South migrated to Kanas, Missouri and Iowa

What was the overall migration statistic in the Jim Crow Era?

Between 1880 and 1910, 500,000 African Americans left the South

Who was Frederick Douglass?

Abolitionist, travelled Britian, founded ‘North Star’ newspaper, first to receive vote for president at Republican National Convention

What did Ida B. Wells call for a boycott of?

Segregated street cars won two trials gaining $700, boycotted lynching, known as ‘princess of the press’

Who was Booker T. Washington?

Wanted education and economic independence for African Americans and founded the Tuskegee Institute in 1881, famous accommodationist, ‘Atalanta compromise’

Who was W E Dubois?

PHD from Harvard, challenged Washington’s accommodationist approach

When and who founded the NAACP?

February 12, 1909, founded by Ida B Wells and W E Dubois