AN 1143 final

Ethnicity

a shared cultural identity based on common traditions, language, or heritage

origin myth

a story that explains a group’s beginning

ethnic boundary marker

symbols or practices that distinguish one ethnic group from another

situational negotiation of identity

adjusting how you present your identity based on the social context or situation

genocide

the deliberate killing of a large group of people

ethnic cleansing

forcing an ethnic group to leave an area through violence

assimilation

when a minority group adopts the culture of the dominant group

multiculturalism

a policy or belief that supports diverse cultures coexisting while maintaining their identities

state

a political entity with a government that controls a specific territory

nation

a group of people who share a common culture, history, or identity

nation-state

a state where the population shares a common national identity

citizenship

legal membership in a state

nationality

a persons identity tied to their nation of origin

nationalism

strong loyalty to one’s nation

imagined community

a concept by Benedict anderson where people feel connected to a nation despite not everyone knowing it

diaspora

a group of people who have spread from their homeland to live in other places

kinship

social relationships based on family ties

descent group

a group of people who trace their ancestry to a common ancestor

lineage

a descent group where members can trace their exact connection to a known ancestor

clan

a larger descent group where members believe they share a common ancestor but can’t trace it exactly

affinal relationship

family ties created through marriage,like in laws

arranged marriage

marriage planned by families, often for social or economic reasons

companionate marriage

a marriage based on love and mutual choice between partners

polygyny

a marriage where a man has multiple wives

polyandry

a marriage where a woman has multiple husbands

monogamy

a marriage between two people only, typically one man and one woman

incest taboo

a cultural rule that forbids sexual relationships between close relatives

exogamy

marrying outside one’s social group, like a different clan or village

endogamy

marrying within one’s social group, like same religion

fictive kin

non-biological family ties, like close friends

band

a small, mobile group of hunter-gatherers with loose leadership and equal sharing

tribe

a larger group with shared culture and informal leaders

chiefdom

a society with a hereditary leader who controls resources and power

spatialization of the state

how a state organizes and controls space, like borders

power

the ability to influence or control others actions

agency

the ability of individuals to make choices and act independently

hegemony

when a dominant groups ideas or culture are accepted as “normal” by society

social movement

a group effort to promote change

civil society organization

non-government groups, like charities or unions, that work for social goals

race

a social category based on physical traits like skin color

racialization

the process of assigning racial meanings to people or groups

hypodescent

a rule where a person with mixed ancestry is assigned to the less privileged racial group

individual racism

personal prejudiced beliefs or actions against a racial group

institutional racism

systemic policies or practices in institutions

racial ideology

beliefs that justify racial hierarchies

sex

biological traits that define male, female, or intersex bodies

gender

social roles and expectations tied to being male, female, etc.

sexual dimorphism

physical differences between male and female bodies

gender identity

how a person feels about their gender

gender expression

how someone shows their gender through behavior

transgender

a person whose gender identity differs from the sex they were assigned at birth

cisgender

a person whose gender identity matches the sex they were assigned with

intersex

a person born with physical traits that don’t fit typical male or female categories

gender stratification

unequal distribution of power and resources between genders

gender stereotypes

fixed ideas about how men or women should act

gender ideology

beliefs about gender roles that justify inequalities

sexuality

a person’s sexual orientation, desires, or behaviors

health

physical, mental, and social well being

disease

a specific medical condition with clear biological causes

illness

personal experience of being unwell

sickness

social role of being unwell

ethnomedicine

traditional healing practices based on cultural beliefs

biomedicine

traditional healing practices based on science, like surgery or vaccines

medical pluralism

using multiple healing systems

medical anthropology

the of how culture shapes health, illness, and healing practices

environmental anthropology

the study of how humans interact with their environment

anthropocene

the current era where human activity heavily impacts the environment

multi species ethnography

studying how humans and other species interact and shape each other

settler colonialism

when outsiders settle in a new land

cultural anthropology

the study of human cultures

enculturation

the process of learning and adopting a cultures values

power

the ability to influence others actions or decisions

stratification

the division of society into unequal layers based on class

agency

the ability of people to make their own choices and act independently

unilineal cultural evolution

an outdated 19th century idea that all societies progress through fixed stages

cultural relativism

the principle of understanding a culture’s practices and beliefs in its own context, without judging them as better or worse than others

ritual

a set of actions symbolic meanings

religion

a system of beliefs and practices about the sacred gods or spirits

economy

the system of producing, distributing, and consuming goods and services

colonialism

when one group takes control of another’s lane and people

class

a social group defined by economic status

cultural capital

non financial resources, like education or social skills