additional

Biosafety

the application of safety precautions that reduce a laboratorian’s risk of exposure to a potentially infectious microbe and limit contamination of the work environment and, ultimately, the community. “Keeping people away from bad bugs”

Biosecurity

__________ Keeping malicious people away from bugs/ Protecting Germs from People

Biosafety level

based on infectivity, severity of disease, transmissibility, and the nature of the work conducted. Origin of the microbe, or the agent in question, and the route of exposure

BSL1

Bacillus subtilis

BSL1

Mycobacterium gordonae

BSL1

Naegleria gruberi

BSL1

Klebsiella aerogenes

BSL1

Escherichia coli K-12

BSL1

Soil microbes

BSL2

Salmonella

BSL2

HIV

BSL2

HBV

BSL2

Toxoplasma gondii

BSL2

Staphylococcus aureus

BSL2

EHEC – Escherichia coli

BSL3

Bacillus anthracis

BSL3

Francisella tularensis

BSL3

Brucella species

BSL3

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

BSL3

Coxiella burnetii

BSL3

mold stages of systemic fungi

BSL3

St. Louis Encephalitis virus

BSL4

Ebola Virus

BSL4

Lassa Virus

BSL4

other agents of hemorrhagic fevers

Risk Group 1

A microorganism that is unlikely to cause human or animal disease

Risk Group 1

No or Low Individual and Community Risk

Risk Group 2

Moderate Individual Risk, Low Community Risk

Risk Group 2

A pathogen that can cause human or animal disease but is unlikely to be a serious hazard to laboratory workers

Risk Group 2

Laboratory exposures may cause serious infection, but effective treatment and preventive measures are available, and the risk of spread of infection is limited

Risk Group 3

High Individual Risk, Low Community Risk

Risk Group 3

A pathogen that usually causes serious human or animal disease but does not ordinarily spread from one infected individual to another. Effective treatment and preventive measures are available.

Risk Group 4

High Individual and Community Risk

Risk Group 4

A pathogen that usually causes serious human or animal disease and that can be readily transmitted from one individual to another, directly or indirectly. Effective treatment and preventive measures are not usually available.

A

Easily transmitted & can cause high mortality

rate

Can cause a major health imp

A

B. anthracis, Y. pestis, F. tularensis, C. botulinum toxin, small pox, hemorrhagic fever viruses – EBOLA, MARGBURG, MACHUPO, LASSA

B

Not as easily transmitted as category A, results in moderate morbidity & mortality rates

B

Brucella, Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli 0157:H7, B. mallei, B. pseudomallei C. psittaci, C. burnetiid, C. perfringens toxin, Staphylococcal enterotoxin B, R. prowazekii, Viral Encephalitis viruses, V. cholerae and C. parvum

C

Could be engineered for mass dissemination

Potential for high morbidity & mortality rates

C

Nipah and Hanta Viruses

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Father of microbiology; 1st microbiologist, 1st to describe bacteri

John Snow

Father of Epidemiology-cholera in water pump

Carl von Linne

Father of Taxonomy-group/ classify microorganism

Ignaz Semmelweis

Father of Handwashing/Hospital hygiene

Martinus Beijerinc

Father of virology (discovery of virus); use of enrichment and selective media

Luc Montagnier

Discovered HIV that causes AIDS

Hans Christian Gram

Developed Gram stain technique

Julius Richard Petri

Developed petri dish

Louis Pasteur

Germ theory; Pasteurization

Robert Koch

Koch postulates; Anthrax & Tuberculosis

Ferdinand Cohn

Endospore survival on boiling

Sergei Winogradsky

Theory of chemolithotrophs; use of enrichment and selective media

Maurice Hilleman

Developed >40 vaccines: against Hepatitis A and B, Measles, Mumps, Rubella, S. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae

Karry Mullis

Inventor of PCR

Fanny Hesse

Use of agar as culture media instead of gelatin