Ionization Energy

What are the forces on electrons

Nuclear charge , Distance , Shielding

What are the 3 shielding rules

1. An electron in a shell closet to the nucleus shields the charge of one proton

2. An electron in the same shell sheilds a small of nucelar charge , much less than one proton

3. An electron in a shell further does not shield charge at all

What is First Ionization Energy

Energy requires to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms of that element

What is first ionizatons energy measuerd in and equation

KJmol^-1

K(g) → K+(g) + e–

What happens to first ionization down a group

decreases as more distance and more shielding attraction decreases

What happens to first ionization across a period

generally increases as nuclear charge increases

2 anomalies in group 3

Al and S

Why is Al an anomaly

Al new subshell so further away so distance increases and shielding so first ionization decreases

Why is S an anomaly

Spin pair repulsion -Extra electron in same orbital so electron pair repulsion is greater - less energy required to remove electron

What is Successive Ionization Energy

Ionization energy that comes after the first ionization energy

what causes a jump in successive iodization energy

Energy required to remove increases when all electrons in outer shell removed causing big jump