MBS326R General Microbiology - Exam Review Flashcards

Flashcards covering key definitions and concepts from the lecture notes. These cards cover various topics, including aquatic and soil environments, food microbiology, microbial control, food-borne diseases, fermentation, and industrial and environmental microbiology.

phytoplankton

Microbial communities called ____ are food for the fish we eat.

phytoplankton

Some compounds released by ____ when eaten by and accumulated in shellfish are toxic to humans, causing food poisoning.

soil; plants

Soils' microbial communities change depending on the type of ____ and the type of ____ in them.

Fungi; Bacteria

____ connect plants with each other, whereas ____ are often more localized around plant roots.

Nitrogen-fixing

- bacteria near roots in the soil support plant growth and yield, and help defend against pathogenic microbes.

microbial

Individual ____ species that naturally occur in the environment can cause plant disease and food losses, if environmental conditions are right.

tuberculosis

Pathogenic microbes like the bacterium that causes ____ often exist within the microbial community which support host health and only become harmful when the host immune system is weakened.

resistances

Anti-microbial ____ can be transferred from animal to human bacteria through the food we eat.

Fermented

____ foods such as yoghurt are rich in bacteria that are beneficial to human health, such as Lactobacillus or Bifidobacterium bacteria.

fermentation

Food ____ relies on beneficial yeasts and bacteria that occur naturally on food to multiply so that microbes that cause food to go rotten are outnumbered: this way, we can store food for longer.

rotten

When food is stored too long and under the wrong conditions (too hot or wet), food starts to go ____.

Rotting

____ of food is considered beneficial in the process of recycling our food waste: microbes decompose food leftovers so that nutrients can be released back into the soil or water for plants, animals and soil microorganisms to benefit.

Decay

____ - decomposition due to action of biological or chemical agent.

Putrefaction

____ - anaerobic breakdown of proteins inside a body

Molds

____ produce enzymes that weaken skin of fruit.

acid

Unpasteurized milk spoilage —____ production followed by growth of acid-tolerant organisms

Refrigeration

____ slows but does not stop microbial growth

inhibit

Acids ____ growth and increase activity of chemical preservatives.

Vacuum

____ packing (anaerobic), high CO2 content stops fungal growth, high oxygen promotes superoxide

Pasteurization

Heating for different lengths of time based on probability that remaining number of viable microbes will be low.

Food-borne infections

____: Ingestion of the pathogen, followed by growth, including tissue invasion or the release of toxins

Food intoxications

____: Produce symptoms shortly after the food is consumed because toxin is already present in the food and growth of the disease-causing microorganism is not required

cooling

Rapid ____ of carcasses after slaughter

peracetic

Rapid cooling of carcasses after slaughter, and Chlorine and ____ acid used to treat water for processing.

PCR

Nucleic acid-based methods (____)

CDC’s PulseNet

____ - Early detection of food-borne pathogens, particularly during an outbreak and can trace origin of the outbreak.

inherent

Microbial growth is used to generate chemical or textual changes to form a product that can be stored for extended periods. Starter cultures and ____ microbes are two types of fermentation

Mesophilic

____ (20 to 30°C)—produces buttermilk and sour cream

Thermophilic

____ (around 45°C)—yogurt production

lactic

Yeast-____—kefir that contains up to 2% ethanol

sulfur

Fresh must is treated with ____ dioxide fumigant to kill microbes

Beers and Ales

____ are cereal grains (barley, wheat, rice) used for fermentation.

Hops

During beer fermentation Mashing is germination of barley grains and activation of enzymes to produce malt, malt is mixed with water in order to hydrolyze starch to usable carbohydrates, and ____ provide flavor and assist in clarification of wort.

Saccharomyces

Typically ____ cerevisiae is used in breads to produce co2 which causes bread to rise.

Rhizopus

Tempeh and sufu are produced by fermentation of tofu (____ fungi)

LAB

Sauerkraut (sour cabbage) is produced from shredded cabbage (____).

Lactobacillus

Pickles are produced from cucumbers (____ plantarum)

Lactobacillus

Silage is produced from grass, chopped corn, and other fresh animal feeds (____ buchneri)

Enterobacter

2,3-butanediol is an industrial product created by ____, Serratia

Corynebacterium

Substances Microorganisms Industrial Products Amino acids (that is ,. lysine) ____ glutamicum

Aspergillus

Substances Microorganisms Industrial Products Organic acids (citric acid) ____ niger

Zymomonas

Ethanol Medical Products can be from bacteria ____, Thermoanaerobacter

Streptomyces

More than 65% of all antibiotics are produced by ____

Primary

Developing appropriate media and conditions is critical to the manufacture of microbial products. A ____ metabolite typically is developed during the exponential growth.

secondary

Developing appropriate media and conditions is critical to the manufacture of microbial products. A ____ metabolite typically is developed when nutrients become limited or waste products following active growth phase.

energy

The microbial transformation of organic materials into biofuels (i.e. ethanol and hydrogen) is known as microbial ____ conversion.

Hydrogen

____ production is an anaerobic process – uses oxygenic photosynthetic microbes produce hydrogen gas at night.

Agrobacterium

Ti (tumor inducing) plasmid from ____ tumefaciens is used as a vector for insertion of recombinant DNA into plant chromosomes

diatoms

Photosynthetic protists produce intricate silica shells (frustules). Because structure and controlled pore size, these ____ can be vehicles for drug delivery.

Riboswitches

____ are fused with green fluorescent protein to monitor fluoride levels in water supplies

E. coli

Discovered in ____, Cas9 allows direct modification of genomic DNA in any cell into which DNA can be introduced and expressed

enzymes

Restriction ____ recognize and cleave specific DNA sequences to act as a bacterial defense against viral infection

Cloning

The use of enzymes and bacterial cells to modify and amplify DNA is called DNA _.

Synthetic Biology

____ seeks to create new biological parts, devices, and systems, or to redesign systems that are already found in nature

fuel

Microbial ____ cells captures electrons from microbe’s ETC to generate electricity

containment

The EPA has established policies for all public water systems to set max ____ level goal (MCLG) for specific pathogens

indicator

In sanitary water analysis ____ organisms are used to indicate whether there are enteric pathogens present

primary

During wastewater treatment ____ treatment prepares wastewater for further treatment by physically removing solid material

secondary

During wastewater treatment ____ treatment has microbial growth converts dissolved organic matter into microbial biomass and carbon dioxide.

Anaerobic

____ digestion is a continuous input of untreated sludge and removal of the final, stabilized sludge product and produces methane that is vented and burned for heat and electricity production

biodegradation

The process of breaking down an organic chemical through the action of microbes is known as .

Ideonella

Isolates from around a plastic recycling plant. ____ sakensis degrades polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

Ideonella

Degrades polyethylene terephthalate (PET). ____ sakensis secretes two degrading enzymes