Human Anatomy and Physiology I - Lab Practical 1 Review

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering terminology, chemistry, cell structure, cell cycle, membrane movement, tissues, and organ structures for Lab Practical 1.

Dorsal Cavity

Body cavity located along the posterior aspect of the body, containing the cranial cavity and vertebral cavity.

Ventral Cavity

Body cavity located along the anterior aspect of the body, containing the thoracic cavity, diaphragm, and abdominopelvic cavity.

Mediastinum

A central tissue region in the thoracic cavity housing structures like the heart and esophagus; noted as not a body cavity.

Diaphragm

A sheet of skeletal muscle that separates the superior thoracic cavity from the inferior abdominopelvic cavity.

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Four anatomical divisions of the abdomen: right upper, left upper, right lower, and left lower.

Epigastric Region

The upper middle abdominopelvic region located above the umbilical region and between the right and left hypochondriac regions.

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

A vertical cut that divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

Transverse (Horizontal) Plane

A horizontal cut that divides the body or an organ into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions.

Sagittal (Median) Plane

A vertical cut that divides the body or an organ into right and left portions.

Midsagittal Plane

A sagittal plane passing directly down the midline, dividing the body into equal right and left halves.

Parasagittal Plane

A sagittal plane parallel to the midline that divides the body into unequal right and left portions.

Blood pH

The normal physiological pH range of blood, which is $7.35 - 7.45$.

Gastric Juice pH

The normal physiological pH range of gastric juice in the stomach, which is $1.5 - 3$.

Vaginal Secretions pH

The normal physiological pH range of vaginal fluids, which is $3.5 - 4.5$.

Electrolytes

Substances that break down into ions when dissolved in solution, capable of conducting an electrical current.

Buffer

A chemical substance or system that helps maintain a stable pH by resisting changes when acids or bases are added.

Total Magnification

The overall magnification achieved by multiplying the magnification power of the eyepiece (ocular lens) by that of the objective lens.

Resolution

The ability of a optical system, such as a compound microscope, to distinguish two close objects as separate and distinct.

Mitochondria

Membrane-bound organelles responsible for energy transformation and synthesizing cellular ATP.

Ribosome

Cellular site of protein synthesis, existing free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Golgi Apparatus

Organelle composed of flattened stacks that packages, sorts, and modifies proteins for intracellular target delivery or secretion.

Lysosome

Cellular organelle containing digestive enzymes that degrade waste materials, cellular debris, and foreign particles.

Interphase

The stage of the cell cycle during which the cell grows, performs routine metabolic activities, and replicates its DNA before mitosis.

Prophase

The initial stage of mitosis characterized by the condensation of chromatin into visible chromosomes and nuclear envelope breakdown.

Metaphase

The mitotic phase where duplicated chromosomes align along the center or equatorial plate of the cell.

Anaphase

The phase of mitosis in which sister chromatids are pulled apart toward opposite poles of the spindle apparatus.

Telophase

The final stage of nuclear division where chromosomes uncoil back into chromatin and nuclear envelopes reform around daughter nuclei.

Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm that follows nuclear division, completing cell division to yield 2 daughter cells from 1 parent cell.

Diffusion

The net passive movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane toward a region of higher solute concentration.

Isotonic Solution

A solution that has the same solute concentration as the cell cytosol, resulting in no net movement of water across the membrane.

Hypertonic Solution

A solution with a higher concentration of solutes than inside the cell, causing water to leave the cell and leading to crenation (shrinking).

Hypotonic Solution

A solution with a lower concentration of solutes than inside the cell, causing water to enter the cell and leading to swelling or lysis.

Benedict's Test

A laboratory chemical assay used to detect the presence of reducing sugars like glucose.

Iodine Test

A laboratory chemical assay used to test for the presence of starch.

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A single layer of flat, scale-like epithelial cells adapted for rapid diffusion and filtration.

Transitional Epithelium

A stratified epithelial tissue that stretches and alters cell shape in response to volume changes, as found in the urinary bladder.

Chondrocyte

A mature cell type found within lacunae in cartilage tissue.

Osteocyte

A mature bone cell maintained within lacunae inside bone (osseous) tissue.

Fibroblasts

The primary connective tissue cells that produce extracellular fibers such as collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers.

Skeletal Muscle

Striated, voluntary muscle tissue containing long, cylindrical, multinucleated fibers attached to bones.

Cardiac Muscle

Striated, involuntary muscle tissue found in the heart wall, characterized by branching fibers connected by intercalated discs.

Smooth Muscle

Non-striated, involuntary muscle tissue located in the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels.

Neurons

Nervous tissue cells specialized for receiving, processing, and transmitting electrical signals throughout the body.

Neuroglia

Non-conducting support cells in nervous tissue that protect, nourish, and structurally assist neurons.