AAG Final

precedant

a standard set by the courts.

Appeals cases

most common case that goes to the court

Due process rights

* Protection against unreasonable search and seizure


* Right to remain silent
* Right to an attorney
* Right to trial by jury
* Right to a speedy trial
* Right to a public trial
* Right to call witnesses in one’s favor
* Right to cross examine witnesses against oneself
* Protection against cruel and unusual punishment

Under the 14th amendment

NJ v. T.L.O.

Schools can search based on suspicion

Tinker v. Des Moines.

students retain the right to freedom of speech while in school, as long as it does not materially and substantially disrupt the learning environment

Mapp v. Ohio.

established the excusionary rule

Miranda v. Arizona

any confession given without reading a person their rights is inadmissable in a court of law

Freedom of Speech

The idea that people have the right to say what they want (under limitations) is called

separation of church and state.

the idea that religion and government should are not allowed to mix

the establishment clause.

the part of the Constitution that prevents a state sponsered church

the exclusionary rule

evidence that has been obtained illegally is not admissable in a court of law.

Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier.

school newspapers paid for by the school can be censored by the school principal

Morse v. Frederick.

students speech that goes against a school state anti drug policy can be limited

Bethel v. Fraser.

students speech can be limited if it is considered lewd and offensive

Number of Supreme Court Justices

9

Plessy v. Ferguson

the government can create separate facilities as long as they are of equal quality

Brown v. Board of Education

schools must desegregate

reasonable articulable suspicion.

standard needed to search a student, or for police offcer to conduct a limited frisk for the purpose of officer safety

Roper v. Simmons

minors are ineligible for the death penalty

Citizenship

granted if you are born in the United States

14th Amendment

equal protection under the law, citizenship and due process

19th Amendment

women's suffrage

24th Amendment

no poll taxes

26th Amendment

18 year olds can vote

University of California v Bakke

Affirmative action is legal, but quotas are not

Grandfather clause

A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.

KKK

intimidated black people from voting and leaving their lives in peace

Reconstruction

The time period after the Civil War from 1865-1877

Jim Crow Laws

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

The Montgomery Bus Boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

The Delano Grape Boycott.

Started by Cesar Chavez to protect latino and filipino farm workers.

The Freedom Rides

When blacks got traveled on buses throughout the south to protest discrimination

Sharecropping

the system by which blacks would borrow money from merchants for the tools to farm the land and pay rent to landowners.

De facto segregation

Racial segregation that occurs in schools, not as a result of the law, but as a result of patterns of residential settlement

De jure segregation

Racial segregation that occurs because of laws or administrative decisions by public agencies.

Lynching

putting a person to death by mob action without due process of law

Alice Paul

suffrage should be achieved at the national level through an amendment to the Constitution

Carrie Chapman Catt

suffrage should be achieved state by state

Cesar Chavez

sought to achieve economic equality for Latino Americans by helping form the National Farm Workers Association

Dolores Huerta

this woman fought for economic equality for Latino Americans and women by helping form National Farm Workers Association

Stonewall Riots (1969)

credited with starting the modern Gay Rights Movement

Don't Ask Don't

Tell

This military policy was created initially to prevent the military from seeking out gay men and women for discharges.

Defense of Marriage Act

1996 law, later overturned, that stated that a same-sex marriage license did not have to be recognized by other states and did not recognize same-sex marriage at the national level

Title IX

law that ensured equal fuding of sports for boys and girls

Full Faith and Credit

all public records and acts have to be recognized by every state

Don't Ask, Don't Tell

prevent the military from seeking out gay men and women for discharges.

People can be fired because they are gay

in a majority of the states.

Fifteenth Amendment.

black suffrage

Nineteenth Amendment.

women's suffrage

La Raza

created as a third party to fight for lation rights

1920

When women were granted suffrage

Griswold v. Connecticut

legalized contraceptives for married couples

Roe v. Wade

(1973) legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy

Title IX

required equal funding for sports for boys and girls

13th.

banned slavery

Economics

The study of choices made with scarce resources to satisfy unlimited needs and wants

sacrcity

the fundamental problem of economics

Basic Economic Questions

What to produce? for whom to produce? how to produce?

Opportunity cost

The cost of the next best alternative use of money, time, or resources that you give up when one choice is made rather than another is

Inflation

when the relative cost of goods goes up

mixed-market economy

economic system featuring characteristics of both planned and market economies. The United States has a mixed-market system.

CPI

the number used to measure inflation

GDP

measures the health of the economy

Unemployment rate

measures the number of people that are not employed

Command economic system

a system in which there is government interference in the economy

Market economic system

Individual people and businesses decide what,how, and how much they will produce and how the products will be distibuted

economic security

an important goal of a command economy

economic freedom

an important goal of a market economy

factors of production

land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship

an entrepreneur

A person who takes a risk in opening a business is

Emmett Till

Murdered in 1955 for whistling at a white woman by her husband and his friends. They kidnapped him and brutally killed him. his death led to the American Civil Rights movement.

excise tax

a tax on products that are called "sinful"

progressive tax

tax rate goes up as you earn more

regressive tax

tax rate goes down as you earn more

flat tax

tax rate is proportional to how much you earn

property tax

raises the most revenue for local governments

sales tax

raises the most revenue for state governments

income taxes

raises the most revenue for the federal government

Recession

2 consecutive quarters of negative GDP growth

Don't Ask Don't Tell

"- the policy in the US military for homosexuals who served. No one would ask your sexuality but if you were outwardly homosexual and engaging in homosexual activities you would be discharged

Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)

Lemon Test for Establishment Clause

(1) Primary purpose and effect of law must be secular; (2) Law cannot create "excessive entanglement" of government with religion (subjective standard)

Everson v. Board of Education (1947)

Maintained that although public funds could be used to bus children to parochial schools, the wall separating church and state must be kept high and strong.

Terry v. Ohio (1968)

Supreme Court decision endorsing police officers' authority to stop and frisk suspects on the streets when there is reasonable suspicion that they are armed and involved in criminal activity

literacy test

A test administered as a precondition for voting, often used to prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote.

Affirmative Action

A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities

poll tax

A requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote

Little Rock 9 (1957)

First African-American students to attend all white high school in Little Rock, Ark. President Eisenhower sent the U.S. Army to enforce federal law that said States must abide by the 1954 Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education which overturned the "separate but equal" ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson

Woodrow Wilson and Suffrage

Argued that women were vital in the war effort and therefore should be rewarded with the right to vote.

Dred Scott v. Sanford

Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens

Equal Protection Clause

Clause in the Fourteenth Amendment that forbids any state to deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. By interpretation, the Fifth Amendment imposes the same limitation on the national government. This clause is the major constitutional restraint on the power of governments to discriminate against persons because of race, national origin, or sex.

When did the 19th amendment pass granting women the right to vote?

1920

Suffrage

the right to vote

24th

Scarcity

The fundamental problem of economics. A situation in which unlimited wants exceed the limited resources available to fulfill those wants

goods and services

the objects (goods) and the actions (services) that people value and produce to satisfy human wants

Traditional Economy

An economy in which production is based on customs and traditions and economic roles are typically passed down from one generation to the next.

Trade-off

an alternative that we sacrifice when we make a decision

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

a federal agency charged with enforcing regulations against selling and distributing adulterated, misbranded, or hazardous food and drug products. This agency was created in response to the Novel The Jungle by Upton Sinclair