HUSH midterm

the gilded age

a period of serious problems masked by economic growth- “Covered with golf”

second half of the industrial revolution

combined new inventions with new business systems

thomas edison

invented the lightbulb

bessemer process

the making of steel

capitalism

an economic system where business and means of production are privately owned

corporations

individuals can buy stock of a company

monopoly

company that dominates a particular market/industry

trusts

set of companies managed by trustees

Monopolies/trust issues

eliminates the possibilities of competing companies- a flowing economy

John D Rockefeller

founded the standard oil company (monopoly) and controlled 90% of oil businesses in the US- bought out competitors through fear

Andrew Carnegie

came from nothing and went to work at the US steel company

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Changes the Railroad industry from iron tracks to steel for safety

JP Morgan

Modernized banking

tenements

a poorly designed apartment that holds as many people as possible

city living conditions

overcrowded wooden buildings, severely dirty, dangerous, no fire alarms, plumbing

working conditions

child labor, unsafe, unsanitary, workers could be easily replaced

child labor

started working age 6-8

Jacob Riis

muckracker that wrote “how the other half lives” based on working conditions

political machines

full time politicians whose main goal was to get/keep power, targeted immigrants

election fraud

individuals that vote multiple times under different names

construction contracts

enabled big businesses/machines to get rich off taxpayer dollars

william “boss” tweed

head of NYC political machine- taken down by Thomas Nast for stealing from taxpayers- died in jail

tammany hall

political machine headquarters

progressives

the people trying to improve conditions in American life- wanted government to help the people

progressive goals

make tenements safer, trash collection, pass child labor laws, women’s suffrage

labor unions

group of workers who organize for better working conditions

16th amendment

graduated income tax

17th amendment

direct election of senators

18th amendment

banning of alcohol

19th amendment

women’s suffrage

Teddy roosevelt

square deal, sherman antitrust act, meat inspection act/ pure FDA act, US forest service

William howard taft

raised tariffs that helped big businesses, childrens bureau investigated child labor violations

Woodrow Wilson

New freedom program, banking reform, clayton antitrust act, child labor act, national park service

Foreign Policy

Goals, Principles, and practices of dealing with other countries

Secretary of State

The US official in charge of foreign affairs

Imperialism

Economic and Political domination of a weaker nation

Economic, Military, and pyschological

the reasons for imperialism

Economic Reasoning

Obtaining new markets and resources

Military Reasoning

Placing military in strategic locations in order to overpower another country

Psychological Reasoning

Taking over a country because of nationalism an discrimination

Cuba

A spanish colony under America’s economic influence- leads to the Spanish American war

1895

Cuba declares independence from spain

Jose Marti

the leader of the cuban rebellion

Profits from sugar cane

the assets cuba provided spain with- why they did not want cuba to gain independence

Valeriano Weyler

the spanish general that was appointed governor after cuba declares independence- accused of war crimes and concentration camps

USS Maine

the ship that was blown up and started the Spanish American war- actually was an accident

Yellow journalism

fake news printed in order to attract readers

Joseph Pulitizer and William Hearst

competing newspapers

De lome letter

Spanish ambassador sends letter to the foreign minister calling Mckinley weak- the US intercepts

US declares war on spain

The response to the de lome letter

teller amendment

after the war the US will leave Cuba in charge of its government and people

Support for cuban independence, business interests in cuba, de lome letter, USS maine, yellow journalism

causes for the spanish american war

Phillipines

Commodore Dewey crushes spanish fleet at manila bay, Mckinley sends troops, Aguinaldo helps defeat Spanish forces

Rough Riders

group of soldiers led by Roosevelt- win at San Juan Hill

Buffalo soldiers

the african american soldiers sacrificed to native american tribes- win major victories

America

wins the war in cuba

Treaty of Paris

treaty signed in 1898- grants cuban independence, american annexation of puerto rico and guam, phillipines

The US is becoming world power and building empires

results of the war

platt amendment

the US stays in Cuba to rebuild and has the right to intervene to defend cuban independence

Foraker act

puerto ricans are granted american citizenships and can elect their own governor and legislator

Filipino rebellion

Aguinaldo orders an attack on American troops- US dominates and commits major war crimes

1946

phillippines full independence from America

trades with asia, controlled hawaiian islands, american samoa in 1899

Mckinley’s policy

spheres of influence

a section of a country where foreign nations enjoy special rights and power

Open door policy

lets all nations trade- President Mckinley supports

Boxer rebellion

china’s rebellion “righteous and harmonius fists” fought spheres of influence

teddy roosevelt

“speaking softly and carry a big stick”- Great white fleet

Panama Canal

territory of columbia that wants independence- US builds a canal

Roosevelt Corollary

america intervenes in latin american affairs to maintain stability in west

Taft Dollar Diplomacy

Encourages trade and invest in asia and latin america to prevent conflict and increase american influence

Wilson Moral Diplomacy

Promote democracy around the world, ends up damaging american reputation

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Allies

France,Russia, Great Britain

America prior to joining the war

wanted to remain neutral but started favoring allies based on cultural connections

Information used to persuade viewers on a certain cause

propaganda

British Blockade

England blocked all german ports

The new war ship used by germany to sink and ship off england’s coast

U-boats/submarines

The US passenger ship sunk by the germans that got america to offically join the war

Lusitania

A note sent by the german foreign minister asking mexico to ally- the US intercepts

the zimmerman telegram

The official name of the US military draft

selective service act (1917)

US soldier nickname (white soldiers)

doughboys

The name of the group of segregated african american soldier that fought for the US

Harlem Hellfighters

Von schlieffen plan

germany’s plan to avoid a 2 front war on Russia and france

trench warfare

advances in technology, but not strategy

July-Nov 1916 battle that killed 20k british within the first morning

Battle of Sommes

Mobilization

organizing a nation for war/ transition period from war to peace

War industries board

the group responsible for coordinating the production of war materials

Americans lent their money to the government to be repaid with interest in the next years- led to great depression

Liberty/victory bonds

Women/ people of color roles during the war

took over the jobs left by the soldiers and got paid less for them

Treaty of versailles

signed in 1919- germany was to blame and owed $33 bil in reparations- divides the middle east into nations

mistake #1 of the treaty of versailles

Blaming/charging germany set them back economically and set them up for ww2

mistake #2 of the treaty of versailles

dividing the middle east/ottoman empire into nations based on ethic groups splitting up the oil supply

armistice

a temporary call for peace- cease fire

The day the ww1 armistice was declared- now known as veteran’s day

11/11/1918

Radicalism

Extreme political change

Red scare

The rise of communism in America in the 1920s

Credit/ installment buying

Allowed customers to purchase good and pay for them over time

Henry Ford

Invented the assembly line and mass produced cars in the 1920s. Provided many job opportunities

Scopes monkey trial

John Scopes taught evolution in a state it was outlawed purposely

Flapper

Female rebels in the 1920s that changed women’s roles