Bio Vocab

Eradication

permanent global reduction to zero or new cases of an infection

Mitochondria

creates ATP for the cell

Zygote

sperm + eggs

Interphase

cell growth, repairing the cell and copies the DNA

Cytokinesis

the division of the cell cytoplasm and creation of a new cell

Prokaryotes

cells with no nucleus

Cancer

uncontrolled mitosis

Mutation

random changes to the DNA

Mutagens

any environmental factor that causes mutations

Carcinogens

any environmental factor that causes cancer

Benign Cancer

does not affect surrounding tissues, except by physically crowding them

Phospholipid bilayer

what the cell membrane is made of

Cell membrane

controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell

Hydrophilic

the head of the phosphate head that loves water

Hydrophobic tail

repels water and congregates in the middle of the membrane

Glycoproteins

helps with cell-to-cell interactions and detects bacteria and viruses

Cholesterol

Helps maintain the fluidity of the membrane at different temperatures

Peripheral proteins

do not extend across the whole membrane and are important in communication and help with transport

Simple Diffusion

The movement of small particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. This form of passive transport requires 0 energy. This keeps happening until the system reaches an equilibrium

Facilitated Diffusion

The diffusion of large or charged particles (that are repelled by the phospholipid bilayer). These molecules need protein channels but still do not need energy

Osmosis

Diffusion only for water. Water goes from an area of low concentration of solutes to a high concentration.

Isotonic

the concentration of solutes inside and outside the cell is the same

Hypertonic

the concentration of solutes outside the cell is higher than the concentration of solutes inside the cell

Hypotonic

the concentration of solutes inside the cell is higher than the concentration of solutes outside the cell

Active Transport

Moves molecules from an area of low concentration to high, against a concentration gradient. This process requires energy, called ATP

Ion Pumps

A transport protein that helps move small, charged ions across the membrane

Endocytosis

The taking of material into the cell by engulfing the material, using energy

Phagocytosis

“eating”

Pinocytosis

“drinking”

Exocytosis

Requires energy to move materials out of the cell membrane

Malignat

a tumour that interferes with the functioning of surrounding cells

Metastasis

cancer cells break away from the original tumour and establish another tumour elsewhere in the body

Surgical Removal

tumour is removed, often combined with other therapies

Radiation

Cancerous cells are targeted with high energy radiation which destroys DNA, also kills healthy cells

Chemotherapy

Targets rapidly dividing cells

Ribosomes

the site of protein synthesis in the cell

Nucleus

Controls and regulates the activities of the cell and carries genetic information

Cytoplasm

holds the components of the cell together and prevents it from damage

Nucleolus

Produces ribosomes

Microfilament

Assist with cell movement and muscle contraction

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Has ribosomes on its surface AKA contains protein

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Helps to synthesize and concentrate various substances needed by the cell

Lysosomes

Rids the cell of waste products including broken down cell parts or invading viruses and bacteria

Centrosomes

Provides a structure for the cell

Vacuole

Removes and stores waste or harmful products. Also stores water and nutrients

Golgi Apparatus

prepares protein and lipid molecules for use in other places in and outside of the cell

Embryonic stem cells

can differentiate into any type of cell

Adult stem cell

can only form specific types of cell

Cytoplasmic differences

asymmetric distribution of organelles and other factors that result in different daughter cells

Environmental Conditions

Variations in temperature and nutrients

Neighboring cells

signals produced by cells affect other nearby cells

Epithelial Tissue

Tissues that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. They form a barrier by connecting and adjoining cell membranes

Muscular Tissue

Moves the body by contracting and relaxing

Connective Tissue

strengthens, supports and protects other tissue

Nervous tissue

made of neurons with long projections that send and receive signals

Lymphatic System

Works with the immune system to defend against diseases

Excretory System

filters waste from the blood and forms urine

Thymus gland

stimulates the development of T-cells, found in the lympahtic system.

Spleen

A blood filter that removes old red blood cells and synthesizes antibodies

Endocrine System

Produces hormones and signals that regulate bodily functions

Open Circulatory System

blood flows freely within the body cavity and makes direct contact with organs and tissues

Closed Circulatory

blood flows through a fixed path confined by a network of vessels

Blood Vessels

system of blood vessels through which blood flows

Arteries

carry blood away from the heart at high pressure. Have thicker elastic cell walls with a small lumen to accomodate blood pressure

Veins

Carry blood back to the heart with one way valves and they have larger lumens

Capillaries

exchanges blood and materials through diffusion and is one cell thick

Enzymes

speeds up rate of digestion

Bolus

Food and saliva

Peristalsis

wave-like muscle contractions

Chyme

bolus and stomach juice

Hydrochloric acid

kills bacteria in the stomach and helps to break apart food

Mucus Lining

Protects the stomach from harmful acids

Mechanical Digestion

Chewing (muscular contractions)

Chemical Digestion

Salivary enzymes (acid and enzymes)

Duodenum

the main site of digestion and the first part of the small intestine

Pancreas

Creates pancreatic juices such as amylase, lipase and trypsin

Jejunum

Second part of the small intestine

Ileum

last part of the small intestine that absorbs digested food

Microvilli

Located on the villi to help for food and nutrient absorption

Villi

Located on the lining of the small intestine

Colon

It’s job is to reabsorb as much water as possible into the blood

Testes

oval-shapred organelles that produce sperm nad testosterone

Scrotum

A sac that hangs outside of the body because healthy sperm needs cooler temperature

Vas Deferens

a tube that moves sperm from epididymis to prostate gland

Urethra

a tube that connects the bladder and prostate to the end of the penis

Penis

Deposits semen into female reproductive organs

Ovaries

produce eggs and estrogen and progesterone

Fallopian Tubes

carry egg and uterus that is lined with cilia

Uterus

where the eggs develop, and the uterine lining thickens

Cervix

the opening of the uterus that connects to the vagina

Urethra

opening of the vagina

Clitoris

responsible for sexual arousal

Menstruation

the shedding of the uterine lining that occurs one a month

Corpus luteum

Produced from an empty follicle, it degenerates after 14 days

Antibodies

Y-shaped proteins created by B cells that help the body fight specific diseases

Vaccines

Preventative drugs

Herd Immunity

the more people that get vaccinated, the less chance of something getting infected, and the less change of someone coming into contact with the disease

Viruses

small infectious agents that can only replicate inside a cell AKA a host. These carry genetic material

Apoptosis

Programmed Cell Death