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Health psychology
A subfield of psychology that explores the impact of psychological, behavioral, and cultural factors on health and wellness
Psychoneuroimmunology
The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect our immune system and resulting health
Stress
The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
Stressful Situation
Stressors can be viewed as motivation (eustress) or debilitating (distress)
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
The body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases: Alarm (fight-flight-freeze response), resistance, exhaustion. Susceptibility to illness occurs during the exhaustion phase. Prolonged exposure to stress can cause health issues like coronary heart disease.
Tend and Befriend
Under stress, people (especially women) may nurture themselves and others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend).
External locus of control
The perception that outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
Internal locus of control
The perception that we control our own fate
Adverse Childhood Experience
Disruptions to the promotion of safe, stable, and nurturing family relationships and are characterized by stressful or traumatic events that occur during an individual’s first 18 years of life
Problem Focused Coping
Attempting to alleviate stress directly – by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor
Emotion-focused Coping
Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring the stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction
May include deep breathing, meditation, or taking medication aimed at reducing stressful emotional responses
Positive Psychology
The scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of promoting strengths and virtues that foster well-being, resilience, and positive emotions that help individuals and communities thrive
Subjective well-being
Self perceived happiness or satisfaction with life
Expressing gratitude
Positive subjective experience, increases subjective well-being
Feel-good, do-good phenomenon
People’s tendency to be helpful when in a good mood
Adaptation-level phenomenon
Our tendency to form judgements (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience
Relative deprivation
The perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves
Posttraumatic Growth
Positive subjective experience, may result after the experience of trauma or stress
Signature Strengths
People exercise their _____ ______ or virtues report higher levels of positive objective experiences such as happiness and subjective well-being
Virtues
A classification of character strengths has been developed around 6 categories
Wisdom
Creativity, curiosity, open-mindedness, love of learning, perspective
Courage
Bravery, perseverance, honesty, zest
Humanity
Kindness, love, social intelligence
Justice
Fairness, leadership, teamwork
Temperance
Forgiveness, humility, prudence, self-regulation
Transcendence
Appreciation of beauty, gratitude, hope, humor, spirituality
Level of dysfunction
the degree to which a person's thoughts, emotions, or behaviors are significantly impaired or disrupted, impacting their daily life functioning
Perception of distress
how an individual interprets and experiences a stressful situation as negative and debilitating
Deviation from the social norm
normality where a person's behavior is considered abnormal if it significantly deviates from the accepted standards of behavior or unwritten rules considered "normal" within a particular society or culture
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)
Diagnosing psychological disorders requires specialized training and the use of evidence-based diagnostic tools
Maladaptive
No providing adequate/appropriate adjustment to environment/stimulation
Behavioral Perspective
The causes of mental disorders focus on maladaptive learned associations between/among responses to stimuli
Psychodynamic Theory
The cause of mental disorders focus on unconscious thoughts and experiences, often developed during childhood
Humanistic Perspective
The causes of mental disorders focus on a lack of social support and being unable to fulfill one’s potential
Evolutionary/Sociobiological Perspective
Causes of mental disorders focus on behaviors and mental processes that reduce the likelihood of survival
Cognitive Perspective
The causes of mental disorders focus on maladaptive thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, or emotions
Sociocultural Perspective
Causes of mental disorders focus on maladaptive social and cultural relationships and dynamics
Biological/Neuroscience Perspective
Cause of mental disorders focuses on physiological or genetic issues
Biopsychological Model
Assumes that any psychological problem potentially involves a combination of biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors
Diathesis-stress model
The concept that genetic predispositions combine with environmental stressors to influence psychological disorder
Epigenetics
Environments can influence genetic expression
