AGRC1021 practical exam

how to determine scale of scientific drawing

(field of view diameter) / (no. of cells on the FOV) = a

(a mm x 10) / length of drawing = b

b mm x 1000 = c um

key animal cell organelles

cell membrane

nucleus

cytoplasm

key plant cell organelles

cell wall

cell membrane

chloroplast

nucleus

cytoplasm

phases of meiosis

prophase I

metaphase I

anaphase I

telophase I and cytokinesis

prophase II

metaphase II

anaphase II

telophase II and cytokinesis

genotype

alleles for each gene

phenotype

observable visual characteristics

phylum porifera

body symmetry - asymmetrical

body cavity - spongocoel

tissue layers - no true tissues

common name - sponges

after porifera what are the next invertebrates

animals with tissues

phylum cnidaria

body symmetry - radial

body cavity - gastrovascular cavity

tissue layers - diploblastic

common name - jellies

examples of cnidarians

POLYP

• class anthozoa

  • colonial corals

  • single polyp anemone

• class hydrozoa

  • freshwater, microscopic hydra

MEDUSA

• class hydrozoa

  • colonial hydrozoan = portugese man o war

after cnidaria what are the next invertebrates

animals with bilateral symmetry and triploblastic tissue layers

phylum cordata

body symmetry - bilateral

body cavity - coelomate

tissue layers - triploblastic

phylum echinodermata

body symmetry - bilateral

body cavity - coelomate

tissue layers - triploblastic

common name - sea stars

examples of echinodermata

crinoidea

• feather stars and sea lillies

• suspension feed on sea floors with long arms

asteroidea

• starfish or sea stars

• star shape with multiple arms and a central mouth

ophiuroidea

• brittle stars

• long flexible arms that they use for locomotion + feeding

echinoidea

• sea urchins and sand dollars

• five teeth or jaws

holothuroidea

• sea cucumbers

• elongated with tube feet

after cordata and echinodermata what are the next invertebrates

lophotrochozoans

phylum platyhelminthes

LOPHOTROCHOZOANS

body symmetry - bilateral

body cavity - gastrovascular cavity

tissue layers - triploblastic

common name - flatworm + planaria

phylum syndermata

LOPHOTROCHOZOANS

body symmetry - bilateral

body cavity - pseudocoloem

tissue layers - triploblastic

• incoprorates acanthocephalans and the rotifers

• microscopic

phylum mollusca

LOPHOTROCHOZOANS

body symmetry - bilateral

body cavity - true coloem

tissue layers - triploblastic

examples of phylum mollusca

cephalopoda

• octopus

• foot modified to form a siphon that propels the animal through water

gastropoda

• terrestrial mollusca with clockwise tortion in shells

polyplacophora

• suction cup grip to rocks with radula scrapes algae from the rock surface

bivalvia

• filter feeders

• muscles, clams, scallops

phylum annelida

LOPHOTROCHOZOANS

body symmetry - bilateral

body cavity - coelomate

tissue layers - triploblastic

examples:

• earthworms (coelomic fluid contained within metamere)

• leeches (suckers at each end and move like caterpillars)

after lophotrochozoans what is next for invertebrates

ecdysozoa

phylum arthropoda

ECYDSOZOA

body symmetry - bilateral

body cavity - haemocoel

tissue layers - triploblastic

• tagmetisation (segments grouped into body region)

subphylums of arthropods

chelicerata

• includes scorpions, spiders, mites and ticks

• named after chelicirae mouthparts which are hollow to enable venom flow and muscular for holding prey

myriopoda

• centipedes and millipedes

crustacea

• crabs, lobsters, shrimp, etc

• means having crust of shell

• two parts of antenna

• biramous (two pronged) specialised appendages

hexapoda

• means six legs

• head has six segments, thorax has three segments and final two segments often have wings

examples of hexapods

class insecta

• order coleoptera

  • sheath wings

  • includes most insects, beetles

• order diptera

  • two wings

  • first wings - flight, second wings - change of direction/speed

• order hymenoptera

  • membrane wings

  • bee, ants, wasps, and sawflies

• order hemiptera

  • half wing

  • true bugs

• order orthoptera

  • straight wings

  • grasshopper, katydids, crickets and locusts

• order dermaptera

  • skin wing

  • earwigs

monocot characteristics

embryos:

• one cotyledon

leaf venation:

• veins usually parallel

stems:

• vascular tissue scattered

roots:

• root system usually fibrous (no main root)

pollen:

• pollen grain with one opening

flowers:

• floral organs usually in multiples of 3

eudicot characteristics

embryos:

• two cotyledon

leaf venation:

• veins usually netlike

stems:

• vascular tissue arranged in ring

roots:

• taproot (main root) usually present

pollen:

• pollen grain with three openings

flowers:

• floral organs usually in multiples of 4 or 5

c3 plants

stock standard

open in day and photosynthesise in one cell

when water stressed it has a large variance

c4 plants

more stress tolerant

photosynthesise in two cells

when water stressed there is a slight difference