CHP 5 Biodiversity, Species Interactions, & Population Control

native species

live and thrive in a community (native to that place)

invasive species

non native and displace native species

pioneer species

first to colonize a new area, tolerable to dif temp/ conditions (generalist)

keystone species

helps determine the type and number of other species in a community (beaver)

foundation species

create and enhance habitats

indicator species

species that are an early warning when there’s something wrong with environment (die first)

amphibians- habitat loss, pollution, UV rays

resource partitioning

splitting of resource use (times or heights) to not run out of resources

interspecific competition

competition between same species

intraspecific competition

competition between different species

climax community

when a population reaches a stable point (cant predict when)

parasitism

- & +

parasite feeds and harms host

endo- inside, ecto- on outside

mutualism

both species cooperate and benefit (bees and flowers)

commensalism

+ & =

one species benefits and other isn’t affected

exploitation competition

one organism indirectly limits resources(use faster)

exponential growth

exponential graph (J) does not take limiting factors into account

logistic model

accounts for limiting factors (closer to carrying capacity)

interference competition

when two or more organisms directly try to limit access to resources

environmental resistance

factors that limit population growth (competition)- determine K

opportunist

a species that can quickly exploit new resources as they arise

r- selected species

species produce many “cheap” offspring

no parental care

small lives

k - selected species

few “expensive” offspring

lengthy parental care

high ability to compete

low ability to adapt

biotic potential

The capacity of a species to reproduce under ideal environmental conditions

intrinsic rate of increase

R- rate of growth without limitations

population size

number of individuals

population density

number of individuals per area of volume

dispersion

spacial distribution: clumped (most common), even/uniformed, random

age structure

pre-reproductive → reproductive → post-reproductive

population curves

stable, irruptive, cyclic and irregular

age graphs

type one- late loss (humans)

type two- constant loss (birds)

type three- early loss (turtules)

intermediate disturbance hypothesis

local species diversity is maximized when ecological disturbance is neither too rare nor too frequent. (periodic fires)

inertia/persistence

ability of a system to resist disturbances

constancy

keeps population level stable

resilience

ability to bounce back

theory of Island biogeography

bigger = higher diversity

closer to main land = higher diversity

primary succession

establishment without soil LONG TIME (volcanic island- physical weathering/ moss acids)

secondary succession

contains soil (forest fires/ natural disasters)