Intro. to Bio: Chapter 12 Vocab

Intro. to Bio

Homologous

term used to refer to chromosomes in which one set comes from the male parent and one set comes from the female parent

Diploid

Term used to refer to a cell that contains two sets of homologous chromosomes

Haploid

Term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of genes

Meiosis

Process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell

Tetrad

Structure containing four chromatids that forms during meiosis

Crossing-over

Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions o their chromatids during meiosis

Genome

Entire set of genetic information that an organism carries in its DNA

Karyotype

Micrograph of the complete diploid set of chromosomes grouped together in pairs, arrange in order of decreasing size

Sex chromosome

one of two chromosomes that determines an individual’s sex

Autosomes

chromosomes that is not a sex chromosome; also called autosomal chromosome

Sex-linked gene

a gene located on a sex chromosome

Pedigree

chart that shows the presence or absence of a train according to the relationships withing a family across several generations

Nondisjunction

error in meiosis in which the homologous chromosomes to separate properly

Centrosome

is responsible for dividing the cell and organizing the spindle, which is made of 2 parts: centrioles and microtubules

Synapsis

occurs during prophase 1 when segments of the maternal and paternal chromosomes are swapped

Germ Cells

the type of cell that undergoes meiosis

Egg

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Sperm

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Tetrad

a structure composed of two homologous chromosomes, each consisting of two sister chromatids, forming a total of four chromatids

Replicated chromosomes

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Allele

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Secondary spermatocyte

is the name given to the cells produced at the end of meiosis I in males

Secondary oocyte

is the name given to the cells produced at the end of meiosis II in females

Sex organs

ovaries and testes

Zygote

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Gamete

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Chiasma

the crossover points (the arms of the sister chromatids) during crossing-over

Recombinant chromatids

is the phrase used to describe the chromatids after crossing over takes place and the homologous chromosomes separate

Somatic cells

any cell of a living organism other than reproductive cells

Prophase I

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Metaphase I

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Anaphase I

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Telophase I

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Meiosis I

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Prophase II

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Metaphase II

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Anaphase II

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Telophase II

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Meiosis II

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Polar body

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