Biology Unit 5 + 6.1 Test Review

genetics and a little bit of inheritance

trait

version of an inherited characteristic

true-breeding

produces offspring that are genetically identical for one or more traits when self-pollinated or crossed with another true breed

hybrid

offspring of 2 different true breeds

cross

breeding of 2 diff organisms

p generation

parent generation

F1 generation

filial generation

monohybrid cross

used to study inheritance of 1 trait

complete dominance

1 allele expressed despite presence of another

incomplete dominance

partial expression, neither allele dominates and both have an influence on the individual. Eg snapdragons CR CW CRCW pink

codominance

both alleles expressed fully at the same time. Eg shorthorn cattle, HR HW HRHW roan

Pedigree

tracks propagation of a trait through generations

autosomal inheritance

inheritance of alleles on autosomes, all genders affected equally

sex-linked

found on x or y chromosome

x linked

phenotypic expression of an allele that is found on the X chromosome. Can't be a father to son

y linked

phenotypic expression of an allele that is found on the Y chromosome. Only father to son

cystic fibrosis

body produced thick mucus that clogs the lungs and pancreatic duct, autosomal recessive allele

hemophilia

body can't form blood clots. Causes jaundice, vomiting, diarrhea; may lead to death. X Recessive allele

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

phenylalanine accumulation in blood. Causes poor mental development and growth, weak enamel. Autosomal recessive

Huntington's disease

progressive degenation of nervous system. Causes loss of muscl control and cognitive ability. Shows late, autosomal dominant

sickle cell anemia

red blood cells shaped like C. causes blocked blood flow. autosomal recessive

red-green color blindness

genetic mutation, x linked recessive

mutation

change in genetic code

dihybrid cross

cross involving two traits

law of independent assortment

if genes are located on separate chromosomes, they will be inherited independently of one another; no 2 alleles are linked

product law

probabilities multiply

discontinuous variation

2 alleles of dif genes don't affect each other

continuous variation

gener result is additive (partial affect) and alleles can negate each other

hemizygous

only one allele present (eg. xy, hemizygous

mendel's method

remove male reproductive organs, cross-pollinate plants, allow offspring to self pollinate

why was mendel's method good

large sample size, fast breeding, repeated, and he looked for patterns, chose characteristics with 2 alleles for easy distiction

law of segregation

1. organisms inherit 2 copies of genes, one from each parent

2. organisms donate only 1 copy of each gene to their gametes. during meiosis, the 2 copies of each gene segregate

ABO Blood types

complete and codominance, IA and IB codominate and completely dominate i.

A can:

receive A and O

B can:

receive B and O

AB can

receive AB A B and O

O can

Receive O

RH factor

protein antigen on surface of red blood cells. Rh+ and Rh-

If blood cell is Rh+:

Has D antigen, Can receive both pos and neg

If blood cell is Rh-:

Has D antibody, can only receive neg or will agglutinate

recessive autosomal on pedigree

affected offspring from unaffected parents

dominant autosomal on pedigree

affected parents but unaffected child

Genetic screening

checks for mutated (defective) allele that leads to a genetic disorder

uses and considerations for genetic screening

tests for being a carrier or affects (useful for huntington's)

who gets to know?

structure of DNA nucleotide

Pentose sugar, negative phosphate, nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine)

complementary base pairing

Adenine+Thymine, Guanine+Cytosine