PSC 135 Exam 2

false memories

high associates and non-targets, false recall rates of 55%, easy to create

implanted childhood memories

two truths and a lie, implanted event, life-like situations

implanted memories for committing a crime

report on a true and false memory, truly believed they committed the crime even though innocent, questioning and rapport

schema-related distortions

reproduce/remember images over several days, memory altered after each recall, systematic

leveling

loss of atypical details

sharpening

adding in typical details

Mandela effect

pop culture, sharpening

distorted flashbulb memories

big global/national events, dramatic distortions, accuracy decreases normally but confidence stays

confabulation

honest liars, subtle to bizarre, medial/orbital frontal damage

Schnider (2003)

false alarm/recognition for recent items, controls had medial orbital frontal lobe activation

medial orbital frontal lobe

monitoring or inhibiting false memory

2 Types of Memory (Bartlett)

reproductive (rare) and reconstructive (common, uses schemas)

PTSD

type of anxiety disorder, intrusive memories, hyper vigilance, emotion numbing

Bremner et. al.

abuse, long term stress, hippocampus damage

North et. al.

Oklahoma bombing, 36% reported, high prevalence of PTSD

Elzinga et. al.

increased cortisol baseline and response to trauma-specific stress in PTSD, abnormal hormonal response

Shin et. al.

PTSD and increased amygdala activity for faces (especially scary ones), abnormal frontal lobe monitoring

anterior cingulate

makes sure you are mature and make good emotional decisions, relays with amygdala

social stress

i.e. giving a talk

physical stress

i.e. cold compress

three stress periods

encoding (ice bath), post-encoding (lecture then ice bath), retrieval (during exam)

retrieval stress

memory bad across the board, increased cortisol, possible reduced attention

post-encoding stress

increased recall for recently encoded info, possibly reduced interference,

encoding stress

can enhance or disrupt encoding, possibly due to attention, caveats include sex, emotion, and u-shaped functions

hydrocortisone study

reduced frontal and hippocampal activity

context effects

memory is best when mental or physical is similar during testing

Godden

underwater tests, best if contexts matched

Smith

room effect (A, B, or B + A imagined), small and equal advantage for same and imagined room

contextual drift theories

how well test cues match the stored item, memories linked by representation of context that drifts over time

implications of contextual drift theories

context effects, proactive and retroactive interference, forgetting memories, false memories

three types of explicit LTM tests

free recall (recall items), cued recall (recall animal items), recognition (was zebra in the list?)

word frequency effect

high frequency = recall, low frequency = recognition, dissociation

frontal lobe lesions

disrupt recall more than recognition

generate-recognize model

recall requires items to be generated prior to recognition check, recognition only needs recognition check

implications for generate-recognize model

recognition easier than recall, word frequency effect, frontal lesions

recognition

memory comparison search

recall

generation process and memory comparison search

threshold theory (TT)

remembering plus guessing, hits, misses, false alarms, correct rejections

implications for threshold theory

accounts for false alarms being greater than 0 (i.e. chance of guessing wrong), introspections (some guessing some remembering), simple linear model

signal detection theory (SDT)

educated guesses based on familiarity, piles sorted with reference to the response criterion