Final Exam Hondros Study Guide BIO 117

These flashcards cover key concepts in Anatomy, Physiology, Chemistry Basics, and various body systems that were discussed in the lecture notes.

Anatomy

The study of the structure of the body.

Physiology

The study of how body structures function.

Superior

Toward the head (above).

Inferior

Toward the feet (below).

Anterior (Ventral)

Front of the body.

Posterior (Dorsal)

Back of the body.

Medial

Toward the midline.

Lateral

Away from the midline.

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment.

Distal

Farther from the point of attachment.

Superficial

Near the surface.

Deep

Away from the surface.

Body Cavities

Spaces within the body that contain organs.

Dorsal Cavity

Back of the body, containing the brain and spinal cord.

Thoracic Cavity

Chest area containing the heart and lungs.

Abdominal Cavity

Below thoracic, contains digestive organs.

Pelvic Cavity

Lower abdominal region containing reproductive and urinary organs.

Integumentary System

Includes skin, hair, nails; provides protection and temperature regulation.

Skeletal System

Includes bones and joints; provides support and movement.

Muscular System

Includes muscles; responsible for movement, posture, and heat production.

Nervous System

Includes brain, spinal cord, nerves; coordinates and controls activities.

Endocrine System

Includes glands; produces hormones and regulates functions.

Cardiovascular System

Includes heart and blood vessels; transports nutrients and oxygen.

Respiratory System

Includes lungs; responsible for gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide).

Digestive System

Includes stomach and intestines; responsible for nutrient breakdown and absorption.

Urinary System

Includes kidneys and bladder; eliminates waste from the body.

Reproductive System

Includes ovaries/testes; responsible for reproduction.

Covalent Bonds

Bonds formed by sharing electrons between atoms.

Ionic Bonds

Bonds formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms.

Aqueous Solution

A solution where water is the solvent.

Passive Transport

Movement that does not require ATP (energy).

Active Transport

Movement that requires ATP (energy).

Epithelial Tissue

Covers body surfaces and lines cavities; involved in protection and absorption.

Connective Tissue

Includes cells that bind things together, such as blood and bone.

Nervous Tissue

Includes neurons and neuroglia; responsible for transmitting signals.

Muscle Tissue

Includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles; associated with movement.

Plasma Membrane

Regulates cellular boundaries and communication.

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell; produces ATP.

Metabolism

Includes anabolism and catabolism.

Aerobic Respiration

Requires oxygen; produces a lot of ATP.

Anaerobic Respiration

Does not require oxygen; produces minimal energy and lactic acid.

Cells

Basic units of life, consisting of different components with specific functions.

Neurons

Electrical cells that transmit signals.

Synovial Fluid

Fluid that lubricates joints.

Antigen

A substance that induces an immune response.

Antibody

A protein produced by the immune system that binds to and neutralizes antigens.

Hematopoiesis

The process of blood cell formation.

Erythropoietin

A hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of stable internal conditions.

Hormone

Chemical messengers produced by glands that regulate various functions.

Feedback Mechanisms

Processes that maintain homeostasis by regulating hormone levels.