Unit three Ap world
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112 Terms
What is the last imperial dynasty of China?
Ming Dynasty
What dynasty preceded the Ming Dynasty?
Yuan Dynasty
What dynasty succeeded the Ming Dynasty?
People's Republic of China
In what year was the Ming Dynasty founded?
1368
Who founded the Ming Dynasty?
Zhu Yuanzhang
How long did the Ming Dynasty rule China?
More than 260 years
Until what year did the Ming Dynasty rule China?
1644
Which territories did the Ming Dynasty expand China's borders to include?
Taiwan, Tibet, Chinese Central Asia, and Mongolia
Who were the Northeast Asian peoples that defeated the Ming Dynasty?
Manchus
What dynasty did the Manchus found in 1644?
Qing Dynasty
What was the last of China's imperial dynasties?
Qing Dynasty
What was the Mughal Empire?
A Muslim state that existed from 1526 to 1857.
When did the Mughal Empire primarily exercise dominion over India?
In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
What challenge did the Mughal Empire face?
Managing a large and diverse empire.
What was the duration of the Ottoman Empire?
1453-1922
Which empire conquered the Byzantine Empire in 1453?
The Ottoman Empire
What was the capital of the Ottoman Empire?
Istanbul (formerly Constantinople)
In which regions did the Ottoman Empire encompass lands?
Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe
What type of state was the Ottoman Empire?
Islamic state of Turkic speaking peoples
What was the Safavid dynasty?
A Shi'ite Muslim dynasty that ruled in Persia.
When did the Safavid dynasty rule Persia?
From the 16th to the 18th centuries.
Which cultures influenced the Safavid dynasty?
Persian, Ottoman, and Arab cultures.
What was the Songhai Empire?
An Islamic West African empire that conquered Mali.
What did the Songhai Empire control?
Trade in West Africa.
When did the Songhai Empire exist?
Into the 16th century.
Who defeated the Songhai Empire?
The Moroccans.
Why were the Moroccans able to defeat the Songhai Empire?
They were broke after fighting with Portugal.
What does 'Devshirme' mean in Turkish?
'Selection'
What was the Devshirme system?
A system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries.
What were Janissaries?
Elite military units in the Ottoman Empire.
What was the Janissary?
An elite Ottoman guard.
How were Janissaries recruited?
Through the devshirme system from the Christian population.
What was a common practice among Janissaries regarding religion?
They often converted to Islam.
What type of weapons did Janissaries utilize?
Gunpowder weapons.
What roles did Janissaries serve in the Ottoman Empire?
They were trained as foot soldiers or administrators.
What is a samurai?
A class of salaried warriors in feudal Japan.
Who did samurai pledge loyalty to?
A noble called a daimyo.
What did daimyo pledge loyalty to?
A shogun.
What did samurai receive in return for their loyalty?
Land or rice payments.
Divine right
the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God.
What is an absolute monarchy?
A system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position.
What power does a king or queen have in an absolute monarchy?
Almost complete power.
Who constructed the Palace of Versailles?
Louis XIV
Where is the Palace of Versailles located?
Outside of Paris
What was the purpose of constructing the Palace of Versailles?
To glorify Louis XIV's rule and subdue the nobility
In which century was the Palace of Versailles constructed?
Late 17th to early 18th century
When did Versailles become the primary residence of Louis XIV?
Around 1670
Zamindars
Mughal empire's taxation system where decentralized lords collected tribute/taxes for the emperor
What is the Taj Mahal?
A beautiful mausoleum (tomb) located in Agra, India.
Who built the Taj Mahal?
Mughal emperor Shah Jahan.
When was the Taj Mahal completed?
In 1649.
Why was the Taj Mahal built?
In memory of Shah Jahan's favorite wife.
What architectural styles does the Taj Mahal illustrate?
A syncretic blend between Indian and Arabic architectural styles.
What is tax farming?
A tax-collection system utilized by the Ottoman Empire.
What was the purpose of tax farming in the Ottoman Empire?
To generate money for territorial expansion.
Who collected taxes in the tax farming system of the Ottoman Empire?
Private individuals hired by the government.
Who began the Protestant Reformation?
German monk Martin Luther
What year did the Protestant Reformation begin?
1519
What was the main focus of Martin Luther's questioning during the Protestant Reformation?
The practices of the Catholic Church
What was the outcome of the Protestant Reformation?
The split of the Roman Catholic Church
Name one new Christian denomination formed as a result of the Protestant Reformation.
Lutheran, Calvinist, or Anglican Churches
Who wrote the 95 Theses?
Martin Luther
What was the main purpose of the 95 Theses?
To argue against the Catholic Church
When were the 95 Theses posted?
October 31, 1517
What was the consequence of the 95 Theses for Martin Luther?
He was excommunicated
What major movement did the 95 Theses help to initiate?
The Protestant Reformation
Who was Martin Luther?
A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church.
What did Martin Luther write in 1517?
95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.
What movement did Martin Luther begin?
The Protestant Reformation.
What was the Counter-Reformation?
The reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation.
What did the Counter-Reformation reaffirm?
The veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope.
What practice did the Counter-Reformation end?
The sale of indulgences and simony.
What religious order was created during the Counter-Reformation?
The Jesuits.
What was one of the actions taken by the Catholic Church during the Counter-Reformation?
The beginning of the Inquisition.
What is another name for the Jesuits?
The Society of Jesus
What was the primary purpose of the Jesuits?
To resist the spread of Protestantism
What historical event prompted the formation of the Jesuits?
The Counter Reformation
In which regions were the Jesuits sent to gain Catholic converts?
China, Japan, and the New World
What is an indulgence in the context of the Roman Catholic Church?
A pardon given by the Roman Catholic Church in return for repentance for sins.
What is the purpose of an indulgence?
To reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for sins.
What is simony?
The buying and selling of church offices.
How was simony viewed by the Catholic Church?
It was seen as a corrupt practice.
When was simony outlawed by the Catholic Church?
During the Counter Reformation.
Inquisition
Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy, a reaction to the Protestant Reformation
What was the Thirty Years' War?
A war that resulted from the Protestant Reformation.
When did the Thirty Years' War take place?
1618-1648 CE.
Where did the Thirty Years' War occur?
In the Holy Roman Empire.
Who were the main opposing sides in the Thirty Years' War?
German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) vs. the emperor and his ally, Spain.
What was the outcome of the Thirty Years' War?
It ended in 1648 after great destruction.
What treaty ended the Thirty Years' War?
The Treaty of Westphalia.
Who was John Calvin?
A French theologian who developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism.
What years did John Calvin live?
1509-1564.
What is Calvinism?
A Christian theology developed by John Calvin.
What doctrine is associated with John Calvin's teachings?
Predestination.
What did John Calvin attract with his teachings?
Protestant followers.
Who founded Sikhism?
Guru Nanak
In which century was Sikhism founded?
16th century
Where was Sikhism founded?
Northern India
What type of religion is Sikhism?
Monotheistic
What two religions does Sikhism combine elements of?
Hinduism and Islam