BIO 105: Exam 1

integumentary system

functional category: support and movement

principal organs: skin

primary functions: temperature regulation, sensation

skeletal system

functional category: support and movement

principal organs: bones, ligaments

primary functions: support, protection, movement, mineral and fat storage, blood production

muscular system

functional category: support and movement

principal organs: skeletal muscles, tendons

primary functions: movement, posture, heat production

nervous system

functional category: communication, control, and integration

principal organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs

primary functions: control, regulation, and coordination of other systems, sensation, memory

endocrine system

functional category: communication, control, and integration

principal organs: pituitary gland, adrenals, pancreas, thyroid, parathyroids, other glands

primary functions: control and regulation of other systems

cardiovascular system

functional category: transportation and defense

principal organs: heart, arteries, veins, capillaries

primary functions: exchange and transport of materials

lymphatic/immune system

functional category: transportation and defense

principal organs: lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus, tonsils

primary functions: immunity and fluid balance

respiratory system

functional category: respiration

principal organs: lungs, bronchial tree, trachea, larynx, nasal cavity

primary functions: gas exchange, acid-base balance

digestive system

functional category: nutrition

principal organs: stomach, small and large intestine, esophagus, liver, mouth, pancreas

primary functions: breakdown and absorption of nutrients, elimination of wastes

urinary system

functional category: excretion

principal organs: kidneys, uterus, bladder, urethra

primary functions: excretion of waste, fluid and electrolyte balance, acid-base balance

reproductive system

functional category: reproduction and development

principal organs: testes, vas deferens, prostate, seminal vesicles, penis, ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, breasts

primary functions: reproduction, continuity of genetic information, nurturing of offspring, social bonding

lumen

hollow term for organs

medullary

refers to an inner region or core of an organ

cortical

refers to an outer region or layer of an organ

basal

base or widest part of an organ

apical

narrow tip of an organ

dorsal cavities

cranial and spinal cavities

ventral cavities

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

cephalic

head

frontal

forehead

orbital

eyes

nasal

nose

buccal

cheek

zygomatic

upper cheek

cervical

neck

mental

chin

thoracic

chest

umbilical

navel

abdominal

abdomen

pelvic

pelvis

inguinal

groin

gential

genital

manual

hand

palmar

palm of hand

coxal

hip

femoral

thigh

patellar

knee

crural

lower leg

pedal

foot

cranial

skull

facial

face

acromial

shoulder

mammary

breast

axillary

armpit

brachial

arm

antecubital

front of elbow

antebrachial

forearm

carpal

wrist

thenar

thumb

digital

finger

tarsal

ankel

metatarsal

instep

calcaneal

heel

digital

toes

sternal

sternum

dorsum

upper back

olecranal

back of elbow

lumbar

lower back

gluteal

buttock

perineal

perineal

popliteal

back of knee

sural

back of leg

veterbral

spinal column

sacral

between hips

occipital

back of head

plantar

sole of foot

sensor

identifies the characteristic or condition being regulated

must be able to respond to any changes that may occur from the set point range

integrator

control center, acts an an error detector

compares actual value of a variable with its set point value

effector

organs that produce effects that directly influence regulated physiological variables

afferent signal

travels toward an integrating center or point of reference

efferent signal

moves away from an integrating center

pathophysiology

organized study of the underlying physiological processes associated with disease

signs and symptoms

signs: objective variations that can be seen or measured by someone other than the patient

symptoms: subjective variations that are felt only by the patient

syndrome

collection of different signs and symptoms that occur together

acute

sign and symptoms that appear suddenly, persist for a short time then disappear

chronic

diseases that develop slowly and last for a long time

subacute

diseases with characteristic somewhere between acute and chronic

etiology

study of all the factors involved in causing a disease

idiopatic

diseases with undetermined causes

communicable

diseases are those that can be transmitted from one person to another

pathogenesis

actual pattern of a disease's development

remission

reversal of a chronic disease, seems to be recovery

epidemiology

study of the occurrence, distribution, and transmission of diseases in human populations

prions

altered or abnormal protein that attacks a new host; no cure, very rare

viruses

intracellular parasite that consist of DNA or RNA core

bacteria

small primitive cells that lack nuclei

fungi

organisms similar to plants but lack chlorophull

protozoa

one-celled organisms larger than bacteria

DNA is organized into a nucleus

pathogenic animals

large, multicellular organisms

tumors and cancer

unusual tissue growths

physical and chemical agents

toxic or destructive chemicals, extreme temperatures, mechanical injury radiation

autoimmunity

immune system attacking one's own body

degeneration

tissues break apart

risk factors

genetics, age, lifestyle, stress, environmental factors, microorganisms, pre-existing conditions

incidence

number of new cases in a certain time period

prevalence

all individuals affected by the disease in a certain time period

atom

made of electrons, neutrons, and protons

inert element

full outer electron shell, chemically stable

isotope

same number of protons

neutrons can differ

ion

atom with positive or negative charge due to electron loss or gain