PSYO 220 FINAL

primary aging

age-related physical changes that have a biological basis and are universally shared and inevitable

secondary aging

age-related changes that are due to environmental influences, poor health habits, or disease

what pattern suggests influence of secondary aging

20-34 year olds rarely die from disease, rather age interacts with other variables to influence health

determinants of health

socioeconomic, health care system, biology and genetics, physical environment

no matter what age what is happening in the brain

new synapses forming, myelinization, old connection are dying off

gradual decline in almost every measure of what throughout adulthood?

physical functioning

do mens or womens reproductive capacity decline faster?

womens

Five health practices

getting physical exercise, not smoking, drinking, over- or under-eating, and getting regular sleep

healthy lifestyle choices of early adulthood have

cumulative effects

locus of control

a person's tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment

internal locus of control ex)

being healthy becuase you want to be

external locus of control

something external is influencing your health, others or luck is responsible for your health behaviors

mental health problems

- anxiety and mood disorders
- personality disorders
- schizophrenia
- alcohol and substance use disorders

what are the most common mental disorders

those that are associated with intense or prolonged fear and anxiety

anxiety disorders include

phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and panic disorder

what is the next most common type of mental difficulty

problems associated with moods

antisocial personality disorder

difficulty forming emotional attachments, lack of empathy, little regard for others

paranoid personality disorder

Suspicious
Argumentative
Reluctant to confide in others because of fears information will be "used against" him/her
Looking out for trickery
Blame others and bears grudges

histrionic personality disorder

irrational, attention seeking, inappropritae emtioanl repsonses

narcissistic personality disorder

exaggerated sense of self-importance

borderline personality disorder

unstable moods, behavior, and relationships, fear of abandonment

Schizophrenia

affects 1% of canadians
characterized by disturbances such as confused thinking, delusions and hallucinations

alcohol abuse and drug addiction

peak between 18 and 40

binge drinking

common apart post secondary student
20-34 about 38% males and 24% female

postformal thought

types of thinking that are associated with a hypothesized fifth stage of cognitive development

relativism

the idea that some propositions cannot be adequately described as either true or false

dialectical thought

a form of thought involving recognition and acceptance of paradox and uncertainty

reflective judgement

the ability to identify the underlying assumptions of differing perspectives on controversial issues

crystallized intelligence

depends heavily on education and experience

fluid intelligence

involves basic reasoning ability, memory capacity, and speed of information processing less on specific experiences

post-secondary education has become

a neccessity

percent overqualified for jobs now

40%

when do adults social connections become far more complex

between 20-40, through marriage, divorce, parenthood and career development

Erikson: Intimacy vs. Isolation

early adulthood stage in which an individual must find a life partner or supportive friends in order to avoid social isolation

intimacy

the capacity to engage in a supportive, affectionate relationship without losing one's own sense of self

what does eriksons stage success depend on

a good resolution of the identity vs role confusion crisis encountered in adolesence

life structure

the underlying pattern or design of a person's life at a given time, which includes roles, relationships and behvaior patterns

Phases of Life Structure

novice - mid-era - culmination

emerging adulthood

17-22
a new transitional stage
explore options before commiting to adult roles
unique period of life

intimate relationships form

secure base from which most young adults move out into the adult world

marriages in canada are starting to mirror

sociodemographic diversity

evolutionary theory

often cite research on sex differences in mate preferences and mating behavior to support their views

parental investment theory

says that sex differences in mate preferences and mating behaviour are based on the different amounts of time and effort men and women must invest in child-rearing

social role theory

the idea that sex differences in mate preferences and mating behavior are adaptations to gender roles

assortative mating (homogamy)

sociologists' term for the tendency to mate with someone who has traits similar to one's own

relationship quality

attachment, love, conflict management

the role of attachment

Adults create internal models of attachment to a prospective spouse that are similar to their attachment to their parents

the role of love

-Sternberg suggests 3 key components of love: Intimacy, passion, commitment
-When these components combine in all possible ways, the result is 7 sub-varieties of love

Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love

intimacy, passion, commitment

stable or enduring marriages may be

validating, volatile, avoidant

couple with unsuccessful marriages may be

hostile/engaged, hostile/detached

average time marriage lasts

15 years

divorce rates highest among men and women in their

late 50s

divorce associated with

increases in mental health problems, depression

men are 3 times more likely to

become depressed following marital breakdown

divorce rate for those who cohabit before marriage is double that of

couples who did not cohabit

how many canadians are in same sex marriages

1 in 3

three dominant attachment patterns among long term singles

avoidance, anxiety, security

what percent of parents believe that is the most important thing they could do

92%

more men or women see parenting as positive?

men

postpartum depression

a severe mood disturbance resulting in feelings of sadness lasting a few weeks or year

what percent of mothers experience PPD

10-25%

most common reasons for not having children

doesnt fit their lifestyle, too old, infertility

what are relationships strongly influenced by

proximity and cultural influences

Holland's Personality Type Theory

realistic, investigative, social, conventional, enterprising, artistic

job satisfaction is impacted by

- perceptions of job security
- perceptions of the career as consistent with personality
- achieving work-family balance

job satisfaction at its lowest at

mid career

realistic

mechanical activities

investigative

scientists or engineers

artistic

social -artists

social

nursing and education

enterprising

high verbal - sales

conventional

bookkeeping or filing

nervous system changes in middle adulthood

white matter crests
grey matter declines until it levels off at 60
new synapses still forming but more are being lost

general rule for declining of the brain

areas of the brain that were developed last will be the first to deteriorate
cognitive tasks and activation

reproductive system in MA

climacteric

average age of menopause

50

premenopausal phase

estrogen levels fall somewhat, menstrual periods are less regular, and anovulatory cycles begin to occur

perimenopausal phase

estrogen and progesterone levels are erratic, menstrual cycles may be very irregular, and women begin to experience symptoms such as hot flashes

postmenopausal phase

no more periods for a year or more

individual differences of menopause

significant symptoms = more negative moods and most depression

connections between menopause and depression?

no

biopsychosocial view of sex with aging

chronic conditions or poor health = less sex
mental disorders
partner expectations

when does osteoperosis begin

30, but in women is accelerated by decreasing estrogen levels in menopause

risk factors for osteoporosis

age - risk increases in women over 65 and men over 70
race - white and asian highest
gender - woman higher
weight - smaller body frames
timing of climacteric - early menopause higher risk
family history
diet - low calcium
gut microbiota - imabalance
health habits - smoking and alcohol
exercise - sedentary at risk

presbyopia

normal loss of visual acuity with aging, especially the ability to focus the eyes on near objects

presbycusis

normal loss of hearing with aging, especially of high-frequency tones

when does Canadians HRQL stay relatively high for?

40 through to 70

during middle adulthood what health trends do we see an increase in

frequency of annoying aches and pains
the number who are unhappy with bodies
chronic diseases
disease related deaths

leading cause of death in MA

cancer

atherosclerosis

narrowing of the arteries caused by deposits of a fatty substance called plaque
arterial blockage = stroke
result of lifestyle not normal aging

risk factors for cancer and heart disease

smoking, BP, weight, infections, cholesterol, inactivity
diet, alcohol, herediity

whose life expectancy higher

womens even though they have more diseases and disabilities

mental health ______ with age

improves

addictive disorders go undiagnosed until

they become problematic in MA

neuro defecits in alcohol disorder people

problems with memory and language

selective optimization with compensation

ank skill not exercised is lower peak but can be improved

memory with age

forgetfulness increases with age

episodic memory with age

slows

semantic memory with age

doesnt slow (general knowledge)