APWORLD UNIT 1

What dynasty united the divided regions of China in 960 CE?

The Song Dynasty.

What was the primary ideology that influenced the bureaucracy of the Song Dynasty?

Confucianism.

What system did the Song Dynasty implement to shift power from hereditary leaders to scholarly leaders?

The civil service exam.

What was the significance of foot binding in Song China?

It became a status symbol for upper-class women, indicating they did not need to work.

What major trade route did Song China participate in?

The Silk Road.

What was the impact of the Song Dynasty on iron production?

Song iron production was so advanced that it rivaled 18th-century Europe's iron production.

What innovation in currency emerged due to overprinting in Song China?

Paper money, referred to as 'flying cash'.

What was the Grand Canal's purpose in China?

It connected the north and south of China.

What naval innovations did the Song Dynasty develop?

The compass, navigation charts, and junk ships.

What agricultural technology contributed to population growth in Song China?

Iron plows.

Which Japanese period was influenced by Chinese culture?

Heian Japan (794-1185).

What form of Buddhism became popular in China from Vietnam?

Mahayana Buddhism.

What was the Abbasid Caliphate's significance in Islamic history?

It became the leading power after the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate.

What was the House of Wisdom?

A center of learning in Baghdad that preserved and expanded upon advancements from other cultures.

What tax incentivized conversions to Islam during the Abbasid Caliphate?

The Jizya tax.

What was Baghdad known for during the Abbasid Caliphate?

It was the capital and known as the 'Round City'.

What type of sails did dhows use to improve trade?

Lateen sails.

What was a key feature of the credit system developed during the Abbasid Caliphate?

It eliminated risks associated with carrying coins.

How did the Islamic world's power compare to that of the Christian kingdom of Constantinople?

The Islamic world's power was immense and rivaled that of Constantinople.

What was a major consequence of the internal divisions within Dar al-Islam?

Decentralization of power.

What was the significance of the cultural flourishing during the Golden Age of Islam?

It led to advancements in various fields, including science, mathematics, and medicine.

What were the external threats faced by Islamic states during the Crusades?

The Seljuk Turks, Persians, Byzantines, Europeans (during the Crusades from the 1000s to 1200s), and Mongols.

What significant event occurred in 1258 during the Crusades?

The Mongols took over Baghdad, marking the end of the Islamic Golden Age.

What was the Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate and how did it prosper?

The Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate (1250-1517) prospered by trading sugar and cotton.

What led to the decline of the Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate?

The Mamluk Sultanate fell when Portuguese and European trade increased.

What was the role of Sufi missionaries in Islamic expansion?

Sufi missionaries used mystic rituals and adjusted to local cultures to appeal to converts.

What was the significance of the Ottoman Empire in Islamic history?

The Ottoman Empire (1299-1918) reunified Dar al Islam in 1299.

What was Al-Andalus and its historical significance?

Al-Andalus (711-1492) was the Islamic empire in Spain/Iberian peninsula, known as a center of learning.

Who was Ibn Rushd and what was his contribution to Islamic culture?

Ibn Rushd, also known as Averroes, was a scholar from Al-Andalus who contributed significantly to philosophy and science.

How were women regarded in Islamic culture compared to Christian or Jewish cultures?

Women had a higher status in Islamic culture than in Christian or Jewish cultures and were respected by Muhammad.

What practices regarding women were forbidden by Muhammad?

Muhammad forbade female infanticide.

What social changes affected women's status as cities and towns developed?

Oppression of women increased with the development of cities and towns.

What is the significance of the hijab and harem in Islamic culture?

The hijab is a form of modest dress, while the harem refers to a dwelling for wives in polygamous households.

What was the Delhi Sultanate and when did it exist?

A Muslim rule in northern India from 1206 to 1526.

Who were the Ghaznavids and what did Mahmud of Ghazna accomplish?

The Ghaznavid Empire (977-1186) was established by Mahmud of Ghazna, who launched expeditions from Afghanistan and established the capital at Ghazni.

What was the impact of the Turkish invasions led by Muhammad Ghuri?

Muhammad Ghuri's invasions led to the fall of the Rajput kingdoms in northern India.

How did rajas consolidate their power before the Turkish invasions?

Rajas gained power by granting land to Brahmans, who spread Hinduism and taught agriculture.

What was the role of Brahmans in the power dynamics of Indian society?

Brahmans supported rajas with genealogies that consolidated their power, while rajas patronized arts and Sanskrit culture.

How did the Ghaznis influence Indian culture and politics?

They established systems that accepted local customs, strengthened the caste system, and brought political integration.

What was the jizya tax and who enacted it?

The jizya was a tax on non-Muslims enacted by the Delhi Sultanate.

What was the Vijayanagara Empire and when did it exist?

A Hindu kingdom established in South India (1336-1646) by two brothers from the Delhi Sultanate who converted back to Hinduism.

What was the Bhakti movement and how did it relate to Hinduism?

The Bhakti movement in the 12th century emphasized emotional devotion to one god within Hinduism, similar to Muslim Sufism.

What were the main religions in South and Southeast Asia during 1200-1450?

Hinduism was dominant, with Buddhism as a minority, and Islam spread through trade and conquest.

What characterized the Majapahit Empire?

The Majapahit Empire (1293-1527) was a sea-based empire in Java that gained wealth by controlling trade routes.

What was the Khmer Empire known for?

The Khmer Empire (802-1431) was a land-based empire in Cambodia known for its complex irrigation systems.

How did trade influence the spread of religion in Southeast Asia?

Trade facilitated the spread of Hinduism and Buddhism throughout the region.

What was the governance structure of the Mayan Empire?

The Mayan Empire was organized as a decentralized system of city-states without a standing army.

What was the significance of human sacrifice in the Aztec Empire?

Human sacrifice was a religious practice in the Aztec Empire, believed to appease their gods.

What was the Inca Empire's method of governance?

The Inca Empire had a bureaucratic governance structure with a ruler who claimed to be the sun god's representative.

What was the Mita system in the Inca Empire?

The Mita system required mandatory public service from the population.

What led to the decline of the Aztec Empire?

The decline was due to inefficient agricultural technology, overexpansion, and the arrival of Spaniards in 1519.

What characterized the Mississippian culture?

The Mississippian culture (700-1350) was known for earthen mounds and a matrilineal society.

What was the role of chiefs in sub-Saharan African societies by 1000?

Chiefs led kin-based networks and councils to solve problems without centralized governments.

What was the significance of the Bantu migrations?

The Bantu migrations spread the Swahili language, ironworking, and irrigation techniques across Africa.

Who was Sundiata and what did he accomplish?

Sundiata was the founder of the Mali Empire, known for establishing trade relations with North Africa.

What was Mansa Musa known for during his reign?

Mansa Musa was known for his immense wealth, pilgrimage to Mecca, and the construction of mosques and madrasas.

What empire succeeded Mali and when did it rise to power?

The Songhai Empire succeeded Mali in the late 14th century.

What was the significance of Timbuktu during the Mali Empire?

Timbuktu became a major center for trade and Islamic learning, attracting scholars from across the Islamic world.

What was the significance of converting to Sunni Islam for the empires in Africa?

It was a way to integrate into the trade networks and political structures of the time.

When did the Kingdom of Ghana exist?

Circa 300 to 1100.

What characterized the organization of communities before the establishment of the Kingdom of Ghana?

Communities were organized through kinship, age, and gender, with strong central governments being uncommon.

During which centuries did the Kingdom of Ghana reach its peak?

In the 8th and 11th centuries.

What resources did Ghana's rulers trade with Muslim traders?

Gold and ivory in exchange for salt, copper, cloth, and tools.

What was essential for the trade network in Ghana?

Caravans and camels.

What led to the weakening of the Kingdom of Ghana in the 12th century?

Wars with neighboring societies and a holy war led by Abu Bakr.

What kingdom emerged in place of Ghana after its decline?

The Kingdom of Mali.

What was the time period of Great Zimbabwe?

Circa 1000 to 1400.

What type of government did Great Zimbabwe have?

A centralized government under a king.

What language was predominantly spoken in Great Zimbabwe?

Bantu.

What architectural features are Great Zimbabwe known for?

Great walls and structures that demonstrated the kingdom's wealth.

What type of society contributed to the formation of Great Zimbabwe?

A largely pastoral society that came together for protection.

What was the economic basis of Great Zimbabwe?

A mixture of agriculture, grazing, trade, and gold.

With whom did Great Zimbabwe trade, leading to cultural blending?

Coastal cities and the Indian Ocean basin.

What language emerged as a result of the blending of Bantu and Arabic?

Swahili, which became the lingua franca of the African continent.

What caused the collapse of Great Zimbabwe?

The population left for new lands due to overharvesting.

What was the time frame of Ethiopia/Abyssinia's prominence?

1270 to 1974.

How did the spread of Islam affect Ethiopia in the 7th century?

It made the region religiously diverse.

What type of architecture did Ethiopian rulers use to express power?

Architecture and churches.

How did Ethiopian Christianity develop?

It developed separately from the Roman and Orthodox Churches, fusing traditional animism and cultural beliefs.

What significant kingdom emerged in Ethiopia during the 12th century?

The Kingdom of Axum.

What was the economic foundation of Ethiopia during its prominence?

Prospered by trading goods obtained from India, Arabia, the Roman Empire, and Africa.

What significant event marked the fall of the Western half of the Roman Empire?

The fall occurred in 476 C.E.

What was the Eastern half of the Roman Empire known as?

The Byzantine Empire, which lasted from 395 to 1453.

What political system characterized Europe during the Dark Ages?

Feudalism, which involved a system of mutual obligations between classes.

What was the role of vassals in the feudal system?

Vassals (lords) received land from the king in exchange for service and tribute.

How did knights fit into the feudal system?

Knights were employed by vassals for protection in exchange for money.

What was the status of serfs in the feudal system?

Serfs lived on the land of lords and were tied to the land, working in exchange for a home and some food.

Why is the period known as the Dark Ages?

It is characterized by a decline in standard of living and intellectual life.

What agricultural innovation was developed during the feudal period?

The three-field system, which allowed for maximum production through seasonal rotation.

What economic system was prevalent during the High Middle Ages?

Manorialism.

What was the significance of the Magna Carta in 1215?

It shifted power back to the nobles and granted rights such as a jury trial and property ownership.

What was established in 1265 that represented the interests of the noble class?

The English Parliament.

What role did the Roman Catholic Church play during this time?

It maintained power, provided cultural unity, and established the first universities in Europe.

What were the Crusades, and what was their purpose?

The Crusades (1096-1291) were military campaigns advocated by the Pope to reclaim Jerusalem from Muslims.

Who was Marco Polo and what was his contribution to exploration?

Marco Polo explored the world in the late 13th century and wrote about his travels in China, which opened European imagination to the East.

What impact did the Small Ice Age have on Europe?

It led to a decrease in agricultural productivity and population, resulting in less trade and economic decline.

What cultural movement began around 1300 and emphasized individuality?

The Renaissance, which was a rebirth of ancient Greek and Roman culture.

What was the Hundred Years War?

A conflict between England and France that arose from the expansion of French territories.

Who was Joan of Arc and what was her significance?

She fueled national identity and unified France during the Hundred Years War.

What was the Spanish Inquisition and its impact?

A judicial institution that targeted religious minorities, consolidating power for Spain by executing thousands.