Physiological Chemistry

Basic building blocks of all matter

atoms

Purest form of matter

elements

contain one or more atoms

molecules

Atomic Nucleus

Positively charged

Protons

Atomic Nucleus

neutral

neutrons

Atomic Nucleus

Negatively charged

electrons

Number of protons is the elements _________

atomic number

Elements are arranged by ________

atomic number

When one or more atoms come together & makes chemical bond with each other

Molecule

atomic number

Atomic mass

same number of protons but different number of neutrons

isotopes

Isotopes with excessive _______ can be unstable but will break down in stable bi-products

neutrons

Different variantions means?

same number of protons but different number of neutrons in the nucleus

Lowest electron orbital is _____ electrons

2

_____ shells mean more energy electrons have up to 8 electrons

higher

The outer shell of an atomic structure is called

valence shell

The electrons in the outer shell of an atom are called

valence electrons

lose an electron →

positively charged

gain an electron →

negatively charged

Chemical bonds

one atom gives an electron to another atom which accepts it

• two molecules become attracted to one another

• 1 molecule gives up 1 or more electrons & another gains

ionic bonds

Ionic Bonds

• the _____ amount of electrons in the outer shell will give the electron to the other molecule

least

Electrostatic attractions between ions result in ____________

crystal formation

Negative ions are called

• lose protons

• more electrons > less protons

anions

positive ions are called

• lose electrons

• more protons > less electrons

cations

Common cations

NA +, K+, Ca2+, Mg 2+, H+

Common anions

Cl-, PO43-, HCO3-

Ions are important in physiology and need to be maintained in _____

balance

one or more electrons are shared between atoms but DO NOT give them

covalent bond

shares 2 electrons

• Oxygen gas O2

double covalent bond

shares 3 electrons

• nitrogen gas N2

triple covalent bond

means having 2 opposites “poles”

• + and - are 2 poles bc they are opposites

polar

The more an atom has protons the more it there is a _______

for covalent bonds

pull

when non-polar molecules mix with water (polar) it does

not dissolve

Polar molecules like _____ interact well with water (polar) bc it is also a polar molecule

salt

a weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom an a slightly negative atom in another molecule

hydrogen bond

an attraction or repulsive force that acts between neighboring molecules

intermolecular force

weak or temporary electrical attractions that occur between non polar molecules or individual atoms when they are close together

• charges shift as electrons move/ rearrange electrons

• just 1% bc polarity does not last

Van der Waals

non-polar molecules like oil, fat, or wax that cluster together when placed in water (polar)

• water molecules (solvent) push the non polar molecules out of the way so water can stick itself

hydrophobic interactions

Strength of bond types

covalent, Ionics, hydrogen, van der waals forces

Describe chemical bonds that hold the atoms within a molecule together.

within a single water molecule there are polar covalent bonds

Water always bonds with other _____

water

a strong chemical bond formed when one atom completely transfers on or more electrons electrons to another atoms

• transfer creates charged atoms called _____

Ionic bonds

how ionic compounds dissolve in water

• dissolution

hydration

• transport substances around

• lubricates

• cushions the force of body movements

• used to dissolve waste of excretion

Water in human body

What is the universal solvent

water

substance used to hold dissolved substances like ions

solvents

water and stuff dissolved together

• ex: salt and water

solution

things dissovled in water

solutes

decrease in temp - freezing

keeps molecules from getting close

stuff that dissolves in water and can conduct electrical currents

electrolytes

stuff that dissolves in water but does not dissociates

• maintains fluid balance and in homeostasis

non-electrolyte

has both polar and non polar regions=

• hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions in same molecule

• part of molecule will dissolve w/ water and non polar areas won’t

amphipathic substances

settle out over time / in mixture or solutions

suspension

won’t settle out over time/ don’t dissolve with each other

• gas and water

• milk, whipped cream

• has a milky appearance

• has large organic things like proteins in the water (don’t dissolve)

colloid

homogenous, dissolves in water and invisible

• water and salt

• has many ions dissolved in water

solution

combination of water and non-polar liquid when forcibly mixed

emulsion

in cells: solution and colloid

cytosol/ fluid

mixture and solutions

• is an example of suspension, colloid and solution

blood

mixture and solutions

• within blood that settle over time

blood cells within plasma

In blood

• is a colloid (has protein, and gets gel-like when sitting in cool temp)

• also has dissolved non-proteins like salt and glucose = a solution

blood plasma

an amount of some stuff over other amount of stuff

concentration

moles of solutes per liter of solution

molarity

6.022 × 10²³ atoms ions molecules

mole

sum of atomic masses for each item in the molecule

Molecular mass

measure of how acidic/alkaline a solution is

pH

if solution is more acidic

• 0-14

more free protons

less than 7 pH

acidic

greater than 7 pH

basic

substances that help prevent pH changes

• neutralize

• accept/donate protons

• bicarbonate (HCO3-) buffer in blood and prevent pH changes in blood

buffers

ability to maintain consistent stable state despite changes in environment

homeostasis

change in variable like air temp, water in blood, light in eye

stimulus

proteins that lives in a cell

receptors

most control centers are part of the ____________

• sends output info/ commands

• ex: hypothalamus

• takes data from receptors → make a decision → makes an action

nervous system- central peripheral NS

structure/muscle/gland that bring change to restore homeostasis

effectors

Homeostasis

• body temp

98.6 F or 37 C

Homeostasis

• blood glucose

70-99mg/dL

Homeostasis

Blood pH

7.35-7.45

self correcting process your body uses to maintain stability around a set point

negative feedback scheme/loop

Set points of the human body are determined by the control center

• usually the hypothalamus

control center

response to moving variable in opposite direction to bring normal range in body

• ex: temp is too high → body lowers temp

• BG too high → lowers BG

Negative feedback

systemic exploration of curiosity

scientific method

make an observation and ask a question

form a hypothesis

stated prediction/ outcome of a process

• formed by using info already known

• educated guess/ try to be right

hypothesis

statement about how something works developed by integrating info from multiple studies

• usually a fact/backed up by evidence

scientific theory

is one that states some prediction is not

• ex: marking the skin with a permanent marker does not cause permanent discoloration

null hypothesis

only one single variable is controlled/manipulated by investigator

• determines the results

• ex: time

independent variable

one more parameter are measure or observed in response to chaning the independent variable

• ex: is the results from the controlled/manipulated variables

dependent varibale

a variable that is held constant

• ex: having people in a room with cold temp

• keeping the temp at 6 degrees Celsius

control variable

Test question: Which variable is manipulated/ controlled

independent variable

sometimes it is necessary to take a group of experimental subjects and not give them the experimental treatment and procedure

group is called control group or fake experimental group

Why is it important to have a control group?

helps determine if experimental procedure is having a real effect

designing an experiment, you MUST state this information

• a clear precise statement that describes how a particular variable is to be measured

• ex: rules of experiment:

  • how many?

  • how often

  • what equipment

  • units that will be used like Celsius or Fahrenheit

operational definitions

biased thinking

confirmation bias

Looking for trends

• pre-DM started at 95 mg/dL went up to 180 mg/dL at 1 hr 30 minutes and decreased after 2 hours

• Dm started at 185 mg/dL was highest at 1 hr and 35 minutes and decreased after about 3 hours

• Normal starts at 85mg/dL and stays constant after 2 hr and stays around 75mg/dL

• pre-DM and normal reach a same level 2 different times. At 2 hours and 50 minutes with 75mg/dL and again at 6 hours with 72mg/dL

movement of water through selective permeable membrane

• water is moving but other molecules are not

• response to concentrations of water on either side

• no ATP needed to move water

• membrane is permeable only to WATET not to solutes

osmosis

all different molecules dissolved in water are

• dissolve in water

solutes

Water cannot cross phospholipid bilayer but does cross through the?

AQUAPORINS

The “heads” of the phospholipid bilayer, facing the outer part of the bilayer

• love water

hydrophilic heads

The “tails” of the phospholipid bilayer, facing each other found inside the bilayer

• hate water

hydrophobic fatty acid tails