Anatomy midterm practice

Arteries bring things away from the heart.

True

Arteries have a lot of expanding and contracting, so much stretch

True

Veins are known to hold ____________ amounts of ____________ pressure blood.

Large; low

What type of artery is best at handling large changes in pressure?

Elastic

Which of the following would you expect to find in the blood after a heart attack?

Myoglobin
Creatine kinase
Troponin

What kind of epithelium is found in oral mucosa?

Stratified squamous

The internal and external elastic laminas in veins allow them to vasodilate and vasoconstrict.

False

Veins have no internal elastic lamina

True

During inflammation, we see lots of red & white blood cells leaking from capillaries.

False

What is the space between the epithelial cells in capillaries called?

Intercellular cleft

What are the largest arteries in the body?

Elastic

Veins connect __ to veins

Capillary beds

Right lung has _ lobes

3

Left lung has _ lobes

2

What condition is characterized by blood pooling in the veins and getting stuck there?

Varicose veins

Blood entering the lungs is oxygen rich!

False

Blood leaves lungs oxygen rich

True

What happens during an aortic dissection?

Blood leaks into the space between the tunica intima and tunica media

Which of the following is false regarding veins and arteries?

Veins have elastic lamina layers, whereas arteries do not

What is it called when the lumen shrinks and pressure increases?

Vasoconstriction

What do fissures separate?

Lobes in lung

Gas exchange occurs at the _______.

Alveoli

What breaks up surface tension, making it so less force is needed to expand lungs?

Surfactant

Pulmonary edema fluid builds up in the lungs caused by an underlying heart condition.

True

_____________ are important in facilitating an inflammatory response, through the selective leakiness of ____________

Capillaries, intercellular clefts

What does ARDS stand for?

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

Which of the following is a primary treatment for ARDS?

Mechanical ventilation

Covid-19 virus binds to _____ receptors.

ACE 2

Under the theory we learned in class, what structures do we think SARS-CoV-2 attacks?

Capillaries

Type _____ alveolar cells secrete _________, which reduces surface tension.

2, surfactant

The diaphragm is skeletal muscle, and we have the ability to consciously control it.

True

What structures do we think SARS-CoV-2 attacks?

Capillaries

Gas exchange occurs in the ________.

Alveoli

During expiration, the diaphragm _____________.

Relaxes

The intercostal and abdominal muscles assist with what?

Maximum inspiration and expiration

What structure is present to move and facilitate mucus in or out of the body?

Cilia

Which functions to increase surface area?

Sinus and turbinates

The epiglottis prevents food and water from entering trachea

True

Sinusitis inflammation of the mucosal _ in the sinuses

Epithelium

The pharynx connects the ________ to the _________.

Nasal cavity; larynx (mouth to nose)

The larynx protects the voice box, surrounded by ________

Cartilage

The cartilage in the trachea is a full ring around the circumference of the trachea, preventing it from collapsing.

False :( tracheal cartilage is shaped like a C; open at the back for flexibility

What is released by white blood cells to recruit more white blood cells?

Cytokines

Pneumothorax is when ______ is leaked into the pleural cavity.

Air

What is when fluid is leaking into pleural space and makes pressure in alveoli?

Pleural effusion

What are rhythmic contractions that allow for the esophagus to begin the contraction in one part and move the contractions down the esophagus to push food through the esophagus?

Peristalsis

In the respiratory mucosa, what is a majority of it covered by?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

What are the smallest airways / tubes that do not have alveoli directly attached to them?

Terminal bronchioles

During expiration, the diaphragm ___________ and pressure in the lungs ___________ .

Relaxes, increases

The pressure in the pleural cavity is slightly lower pressure than the space inside alveoli at any time regardless of stage.

True

What kind of epithelium is found in respiratory mucosa?

pseudostratified columnar

What are the smallest airways that have alveoli and lack respiratory mucosa?

repiratory bronchioles

What structure controls food entering the small intestine from the stomach?

pyloric sphincter

What two sphincters are where the stomach and esophagus meet together?

Lower esophageal sphincter / cardiac sphincter

What cell in the small intestine is primarily responsible for absorbing nutrients?

enterocyte

What are the large bumps on the internal surface of the large intestine that increase surface area?

haustra

The valsalva maneuver can lead to short term ___________ in blood pressure in the brain, and long term ___________ in blood pressure in the brain.

Increase; decrease

Chemical digestion starts in the mouth with saliva, which contains __________, an enzyme that breaks down starches and carbohydrates into simpler sugars.

Amylase

Blood first enters the hepatic lobule through what vessel?

portal vein

What type of tissue lines the mouth?

Oral mucosa

Which of the following is NOT a layer in the mucosa?

Adventita

Layers of mucosa

mucosal epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

What is the part of the hollow organ that is the farthest away from the outlet?

Fundus

Goblet cells are the cells that secrete mucus in both respiratory and oral mucosa.

False :( [there are no goblet cells in oral mucosa! also minimal mucus for that matter - it's in the saliva!]

There are no goblet cells in oral mucosa

True

Goblet cells are in the

Saliva

What part of the tooth is covered by the gums?

Neck

What are the two muscles mainly used for mastication (chewing)?

Masseter and temporalis

Spencer got smacked by his opp, and it knocked out 3 of his premolars. How many does he still have left in his mouth?

5

The teeth have 3 main parts: Above gum, within gum, and within the jawbone. What are these parts called, respectively?

Crown, neck, root

The digestive system often relies on _______________, the rhythmic contraction of __________ muscle, which pushes the food through not only the esophagus, but intestines as well.

Peristalsis, smooth

In the stomach, ________ cells release pepsinogen, while ________ cells release HCl.

Chief, parietal

What structure prevents food from entering the esophagus from the stomach?

cardiac sphincter

Which of the following is NOT a location of the salivary glands?

Locations of salivary glands: parotid (by ear), submandibular (under jaw), sublingual (under tongue)

What are the crevices/folds on the surface of the tongue called?

Papillae

______ cells are below the surface of the tongue, and ________ hairs are what food particles bind to.

Gustatory, Gustatory

What type of muscle are sphincters made of?

Smooth

The lumen of the esophagus is more compressed than the lumen of the trachea

True ! [not being held open by tracheal cartilage, squishy, not an open circle]

What are the large ridges on the inner surface of the stomach called that increase surface area for expansion / stretching / increasing volume (not absorption)?

Rugae

Esophagus has __________ epithelium while the stomach has _________ epithelium.

Stratified squamous; simple columnar

What condition is characterized by inflammation of the mucus membrane?

Rhinitis

What cell secretes mucus that covers the surface of the stomach and is in the gastric gland?

Mucous neck cells

What holds specialized cells that aid in digestion?

Gastric pits

What is the specialized structure called that absorbs fat?

Lacteal duct

The ridges in the colon that increase surface area for absorption are called:

Haustra

Which part of the colon is characterized by food moving in the horizontal plane?

Transverse colon

The external anal sphincter is made of skeletal muscle and is voluntary while the internal anal sphincter is smooth and involuntary.

True

Sepsis is an infection of the _________ , which travels throughout the body (less common now)

Blood

The accessory pancreatic duct is a separate duct that branches off from the pancreatic duct and does not merge with the common bile duct before entering the small intestine through the major duodenal papilla.

False

The accessory pancreatic duct is a separate duct that branches off from the pancreatic duct and does not merge with the common bile duct before entering the small intestine through the

Minor duodenal papilla

Peritubular capillaries don't follow the Loop of Henle in cortical nephrons, and don't follow the proximal/distal convoluted tubules in juxtamedullary nephrons.

True

Which of the following does NOT make up the portal triad?

Sinusoid

The majority of nephrons are located in the cortex of the kidney.

True

The outer layer that envelops the kidney is known as the

Fibrous Capsule

Where is cricoid cartilage found?

Larynx

Another name for the pharyngeal tonsils is:

Adenoids

Which region of the pharynx is posterior to the larynx?

Laryngopharynx, hypopharynx

The internal anal sphincter is made of __________ muscle, and the external anal sphincter is made of __________ muscle.

Smooth; skeletal

What is the scarring of the liver called that is caused by chronic inflammation?

Cirrhosis

What has the job of removing toxins and big molecules out of blood so that it doesn't circulate throughout your body?

Liver