2.5 & 2.6: SOHO Networks and Network Configuration

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49 Terms

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IPv4 Addressing

Internet Protocol version 4; primary Layer 3 protocol used on most networks; uses 32-bit addresses written in dotted decimal.

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IPv6 Addressing

Internet Protocol version 6; uses 128-bit addresses; provides 340 undecillion possible IPs; supported by all major OSs.

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IPv4 Address Format

4 octets (32 bits) in dotted decimal notation (e.g., 192.168.1.1); each octet can be a value from 0 to 255.

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IPv6 Address Format

128-bit hexadecimal address; first 64 bits represent the network prefix, last 64 bits represent the host portion.

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IPv6 Addressing Capacity

Offers enough IPs for every person on Earth to have billions; helps resolve IPv4 address exhaustion.

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Subnet Mask

Used to determine the subnet of an IP address; not transmitted across the network; e.g., 255.255.255.0.

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Default Gateway

IP address of the router used to communicate outside of the local subnet; must be on the same subnet as the device.

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DNS Server

Resolves domain names into IP addresses and vice versa; two DNS servers are commonly configured for redundancy.

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DHCP

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol; automatically assigns IP addresses, subnet mask, gateway, and other settings.

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BOOTP

Bootstrap Protocol; an early protocol (1993) that partially automated IP addressing but required some manual configuration.

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DHCP Process

Four-step process: Discover, Offer, Request, Acknowledge (DORA); used to dynamically assign IP addresses.

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DHCP Static IP Option

You can disable DHCP and manually assign IPs; not recommended due to admin overhead.

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DHCP Reservation

Preferred method to assign static IP; binds MAC address to IP address in DHCP server config.

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APIPA

Automatic Private IP Addressing; used when DHCP fails; assigns an IP from 169.254.0.0/16; cannot communicate beyond local network.

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Link-local Address

IP address usable only within a local subnet; APIPA provides link-local addresses for IPv4.

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ARP with APIPA

Address Resolution Protocol is used to ensure the APIPA-assigned IP is not already in use by another device.

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DNS

Translates human-readable names into computer-readable IP addresses; hierarchical and distributed.

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DNS Root Servers

13 root server clusters (over 1000 actual servers); foundation of global DNS resolution.

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gTLDs

Generic Top-Level Domains like .com, .org, .net, managed globally.

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ccTLDs

Country Code Top-Level Domains like .us, .ca, .uk.

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DNS Records (RR)

Resource records that store data like IP addresses, aliases, and certificates.

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A Record

IPv4 address record; maps hostname to IPv4 address.

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AAAA Record

IPv6 address record; maps hostname to IPv6 address.

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MX Record

Mail Exchanger record; specifies mail server for a domain by hostname.

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TXT Record

Holds human-readable text; used for verification and public info.

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SPF Record

Sender Policy Framework; lists authorized mail servers for domain.

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SPF Purpose

Helps prevent mail spoofing by verifying sending server.

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DKIM

DomainKeys Identified Mail; digitally signs outbound email with public key in DNS.

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DKIM Purpose

Validates authenticity of sender; adds email security.

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DMARC

Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting, and Conformance; works with SPF and DKIM.

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DMARC Policy

Specifies what receiving servers should do with failed messages (accept, spam, reject).

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DHCP Scope

Range of IP addresses a DHCP server can assign; includes subnet mask, lease duration, etc.

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DHCP Pool

Group of IP addresses within a subnet; one scope per subnet.

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DHCP Dynamic Assignment

Assigns available IP from pool; reclaims after lease expires.

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DHCP Automatic Assignment

Keeps record of prior IPs; assigns same IP to returning device.

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DHCP Reservation

Statically assigns IP to device based on MAC address.

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Static DHCP Assignment

Alternative name for DHCP reservation; ensures consistent IP for a device.

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DHCP Lease

Temporary IP address assignment; controlled by lease duration.

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DHCP Reallocation

Lease is confirmed or reassigned upon reboot or request.

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DHCP Release

Manually release IP address (e.g., when switching subnets).

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DHCP T1 Timer

Renews IP lease with original DHCP server at 50% of lease duration.

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DHCP T2 Timer

Rebinds IP with any DHCP server at 87.5% of lease duration.

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LAN

Local Area Network; group of devices in same physical or broadcast domain.

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VLAN

Virtual LAN; logically separates broadcast domains on same physical hardware.

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VLAN Configuration

Assigns ports or devices to virtual LANs based on needs.

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VPN

Virtual Private Network; encrypts data over public networks.

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VPN Concentrator

Device or service handling encryption/decryption for VPN.

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Client-to-Site VPN

Remote access to private network via VPN software; connects to concentrator.

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Always-On VPN

VPN connection that stays enabled continuously for secure access.