top drugs moa

amlodipine

inhibits Ca+ causing peripheral arteriole vasodilation (vascular cardiac and smooth muscle)

nifedipine

inhibits Ca+ causing peripheral arteriole vasodilation (vascular cardiac and smooth muscle)

benazepril

blocks Angiotensin I -> Angiotensin II (ACE) causing vasodilation, prevents the release of aldosterone decreasing sodium and water retention

lisinopril

blocks Angiotensin I -> Angiotensin II (ACE) causing vasodilation, prevents the release of aldosterone decreasing sodium and water retention

chlorthalidone

inhibits Na+ reabsorption in DCT (kidneys), excretion of Na, Cl, K, H+, reduces blood volume and decreases cardiac output

hydrochlorothiazide

inhibits Na+ reabsorption in DCT (kidneys), excretion of Na, Cl, K, H+, reduces blood volume and decreases cardiac output

irbesartan

blocks Angiotensin II from binding to AT-1, prevents vasoconstriction, aldosterone secretion, and sodium reabsorption

losartan

blocks Angiotensin II from binding to AT-1, prevents vasoconstriction, aldosterone secretion, and sodium reabsorption

olmesartan

blocks Angiotensin II from binding to AT-1, prevents vasoconstriction, aldosterone secretion, and sodium reabsorption

valsartan

blocks Angiotensin II from binding to AT-1, prevents vasoconstriction, aldosterone secretion, and sodium reabsorption

hydrochlorothiazide, losartan

targets Kidneys and Angiotensin II receptors *See MOA for thiazide and ARBs

hydrochlorothiazide, lisinoptil

targets kidneys and ACE

*see MOA for thiazide and ACEi

amlodipine, benazepril

targets vascular smooth muscle and ACE

*see moa for calcium channel blockers and ACEi

triamterene, hydrochlorothiazide

inhibits Na+ reabsorption in DCT and collecting ducts of nephron, excretion of Na, Cl, K, H+, reduces blood volume and decreases cardiac output

prazosin

inhibits NE from binding to a1-receptors in vascular smooth muscle, vasodilation of veins and arterioles, and decrease in TPR

carvedilol

blocks α1 receptors (selective) and β receptors (nonselective) in the heart, decreases HR and contractility

furosemide

inhibits Na+ reabsorption in thick ascending limb of LOH (kidneys), excretion of Na, Cl, K, H+, reduces blood volume and decreases cardiac output

metoprolol

blocks β1 receptors in the heart, decreases HR and contractility

atenolol

blocks β1 receptors in the heart, decreases HR and contractility

spironolactone

mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, blocks androgen receptors, blocking effects of aldosterone (kidneys)

hydralazine

direct vasodilator (vascular smooth muscle), vasodilation of arterioles and TPR reduction

clonidine

acts on CNS (brain) reducing norepiniphrine, reduces total peripheral resistance (TPR)

atorvastatin

competitively inhibit conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, reducing cholesterol production. increase LDL receptors, which bind & remove circulating LDL-cholesterol.

lovastatin

competitively inhibit conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, reducing cholesterol production. increase LDL receptors, which bind & remove circulating LDL-cholesterol.

pravastatin

competitively inhibit conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, reducing cholesterol production. increase LDL receptors, which bind & remove circulating LDL-cholesterol.

rosuvastatin

competitively inhibit conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, reducing cholesterol production. increase LDL receptors, which bind & remove circulating LDL-cholesterol.

simvastatin

competitively inhibit conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, reducing cholesterol production. increase LDL receptors, which bind & remove circulating LDL-cholesterol.

insulin aspart

bind to insulin receptors on muscle & fat cells - facilitate glucose uptake & inhibit liver glucose output

insulin lispro

bind to insulin receptors on muscle & fat cells - facilitate glucose uptake & inhibit liver glucose output

insulin human (isophane human)

works by lowering blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose uptake in peripheral tissues & inhibiting liver glucose production

insulin degludec

steady rate of absorption; insulin monomers slowly released into blood from depot in subcutaneous tissue; increase cell glucose uptake, reduce liver glucose production from stored glycogen

insulin glargine

steady rate of absorption; insulin monomers slowly released into blood from depot in subcutaneous tissue; increase cell glucose uptake, reduce liver glucose production from stored glycogen

dulaglutide

increases glucose-dependent insulin secretion, decreases inappropriate glucagon secretion, slows gastric emptying, and increases satiety.

liraglutide

increases glucose-dependent insulin secretion, decreases inappropriate glucagon secretion, slows gastric emptying, and increases satiety.

semaglutide

increases glucose-dependent insulin secretion, decreases inappropriate glucagon secretion, slows gastric emptying, and increases satiety.

fenofibrate

activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) - increase lipolysis & elimination of triglyceride-rich particles from plasma by activating lipoprotein lipase & reducing production of apoprotein C-III (lipoprotein lipase inhibitor). fall in triglycerides causes alteration in size & composition of LDL from small dense particles to large buoyant particles. particles have greater affinity for cholesterol receptors & catabolized rapidly.

gemfibrozil

activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) - increase lipolysis & elimination of triglyceride-rich particles from plasma by activating lipoprotein lipase & reducing production of apoprotein C-III (lipoprotein lipase inhibitor). fall in triglycerides causes alteration in size & composition of LDL from small dense particles to large buoyant particles. particles have greater affinity for cholesterol receptors & catabolized rapidly.

dapagliflozin

inhibit SGLT-2 in kidneys and heart - reduce glucose reabsorption in kidneys and excrete glucose in urine; reduce blood pressure through diuretic effect

empagliflozin

inhibit SGLT-2 in kidneys and heart - reduce glucose reabsorption in kidneys and excrete glucose in urine; reduce blood pressure through diuretic effect

glimepiride

enhance insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. long-term sulfonylureas increase peripheral glucose utilization, reduce hepatic gluconeogenesis, & possibly increase sensitivity and/or # of peripheral insulin receptors.

glipizide

enhance insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. long-term sulfonylureas increase peripheral glucose utilization, reduce hepatic gluconeogenesis, & possibly increase sensitivity and/or # of peripheral insulin receptors.

ezetimibe

inhibit absorption of cholesterol in small intestine - reduce cholesterol delivered to liver - less cholesterol stores in liver causes more cholesterol removal from blood

pioglitazone

peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonist - improve insulin sensitivity - insulin-dependent glucose disposal increased & hepatic glucose production decreased

metformin

does not affect insulin secretion - reduces hepatic glucose production & intestinal glucose reabsorption, enhances glucose utilization by muscle

sitagliptin

inhibits degradation of incretin hormones by DPP-4 & enhances function of GLP-1 & GIP to increase insulin release & decrease glucagon levels in circulation in a glucose-dependent manner.

metformin, sitagliptin

inhibit breakdown of incretin hormones responsible for stimulating pancreas to produce insulin - increase insulin to help control blood sugar; also signals liver to stop producing sugar when blood sugar is high; reduce sugar absorbed by stomach and produced by liver

calcium phosphate, cholecalciferol

increase calcium absorption and mobilization from the bones to the blood stream

cholecalciferol

vitamin D3 regulates both the calcium and phosphate as well as citric acid metabolism, promotes the intestinal absorption of calcium and controls the incorporation of calcium into the organic bone matrix . vitamin D mediates intestinal calcium absorption by an active transport mechanism and also promotes normal bone formation

cyanocobalamin

B12 is required for the synthesis of the amino acid methionine from homocysteine. a deficiency of B12 results in hyperhomocysteinemia and a decrease in methionine. since methionine is required for DNA synthesis, B12 deficiency also results in decreased DNA synthesis, which presents clinically as macrocytic anemia when red blood cells are unable to extrude their nucleus.

desogestrel; ethinyl estradiol

based on interaction occuring in ovulation inhibition and changes in cervical secretion. acts by suppressing gonadotropins allowing for inhibition of ovulation, changes in cervical mucus and endometrium preventing fertilization and implantation.ethinyl estradiol is a well-known synthetic estrogen and desogestrel is a synthetic progestogen.

drospirenone; ethinyl estradiol

drospirenone/ ethinyl estradiol is a combination oral contraceptive (COC) that works primarily by suppressing ovulation. COC causes cervical mucus changes that block sperm penetration and endotmetrial changes that reduce the chance of implantation. drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol increase sex hormone binding globiulin and decrease free testosterone which plays a role in acne control

ergocalciferol

a provitamin. the active metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol), stimulates calcium and phosphate absorption from the small intestine, promotes secretion of calcium from bone to blood; promotes renal tubule phosphate resorption

estradiol (oral)

estradiol (17β-estradiol; E2) is the most potent of the naturally occurring estrogens and the major estrogen secreted during the reproductive years. estradiol and other estrogens produce characteristic effects on specific tissues (such as breast), cause proliferation of vaginal and uterine mucosa, increase calcium deposition in bone, and accelerate epiphyseal closure after initial growth stimulation.

estradiol (transdermal patch)

estradiol (17β-estradiol; E2) is the most potent of the naturally occurring estrogens and the major estrogen secreted during the reproductive years. estradiol and other estrogens produce characteristic effects on specific tissues (such as breast), cause proliferation of vaginal and uterine mucosa, increase calcium deposition in bone, and accelerate epiphyseal closure after initial growth stimulation.

ethinyl estradiol; etonogestrel

suppressing ovulation by inhibiting the release of gonadotropins (like LH and FSH) from the pituitary gland, preventing ovaries from releasing an egg; also alters cervical mucus to hinder sperm mobility

ethinyl estradiol; levonorgestrel

combination of oral contraceptives prevent pregnancy primarily by suppressing ovulation

ethinyl estradiol; norethindrone

combination oral contraceptive (COC) that works primarily by suppressing ovulation. COC causes cervical mucus changes that block sperm penetration and endotmetrial changes that reduce the chance of implantation. increase sex hormone binding globiulin and decrease free testosterone which plays a role in acne control

ethinyl estradiol; norgestimate

combination oral contraceptive (COC) that works primarily by suppressing ovulation. COC causes cervical mucus changes that block sperm penetration and endotmetrial changes that reduce the chance of implantation. increase sex hormone binding globiulin and decrease free testosterone which plays a role in acne control

ferrous sulfate

iron is a component of hemoglobin and required for synthesis of RBCs; absence of iron results in smaller hemoglobin molecules and microcytic anemia

folic acid

folic acid is required for the conversion of deoxyuridylate to thymidylate, which is a rate-limiting step in DNA synthesis. folic acid deficiency presents clinically as macrocytic anemia when red blood cells are unable to extrude their nucleus.

levothyroxine

levothyroxine sodium is a synthetic thyroid hormone. the endogenous thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), diffuse into the cell nucleus and bind to thyroid receptor proteins attached to DNA. this hormone nuclear receptor complex activates gene transcription and synthesis of messenger RNA and cytoplasmic proteins.

liothyronine

a synthetic form of a natural thyroid hormone that exhibits an extensive effect on every organ system in the body and plays a significant role in the development of the central nervous system; stimulates oxygen consumption by most body tissues, accelerates basal metabolic rate and the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids

norethindrone

a progestin contraceptive that prevents ovulation, inhibits sperm penetration by thickening the cervical mucus, reduces the midcycle luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone peaks, delays the movement of ovum through the fallopian tube, and alters the endometrium lining. it has progestational action similar to those of progesterone, but is a more potent inhibitor of ovulation and has weak oestrogenic and androgenic properties. it is used to treat a number of disorders of the menstrual cycle

potassium chloride

potassium is an electrolyte required for maintenance of the excitatory properties of neuromuscular tissues, and the resting membrane potential of cells is related to potassium concentrations, varying directly with the ratio of intracellular to extracellular potassium level.

progesterone

progesterone transforms proliferative endometrium into secretory endometrium. parenterally administered progesterone inhibits gonadotropin production, which in turn prevents follicular maturation and ovulation.

testosterone

testosterone is an endogenous androgen. androgens are responsible for normal growth and development of male sex organs. testosterone is involved in the growth and maturation of the prostate, seminal vesicles, penis, and scrotum; development of male hair distribution; laryngeal enlargement; vocal cord thickening; alterations in body musculature; and fat distribution.

thyroid

thyroid hormone is a naturally derived thyroid replacement containing both levothyroxine (T4) and liothyronine (T3). the endogenous thyroid hormones, T3 and T4, diffuse into the cell nucleus and bind to thyroid receptor proteins attached to DNA. this hormone nuclear receptor complex activates gene transcription and synthesis of messenger RNA and cytoplasmic proteins.