AP Bio

Null Hypothesis

states there is no difference between 2 groups of data.

Alternative Hypothesis

States there is a difference between 2 groups of data.

Independent

Factor being changed

Dependent

Factor that responds to change in independent variable (result)

Constant

factor not manipulated (main base)

Percent Change

(final-initial/initial) x 100

Positive Control

-gives positive result

-used to test the validity of the experiment

Negative Control

-Doesnt respond to test

-identifies the influence of external factor on the test

Overlapping Error Bars

no significant difference

No Overlap in Error Bars

significant difference

Water is…

the biological medium on earth

-cells made up of 70-95% water

-powers synthesis + breakdown via chemical reactions

-shapes & stabilizes biological macromolecules

Cohesion

Water to Water. H-bonding between H20 molecules

Adhesion

H2O + other substances

Specific water heat capacity

4.186 J/G degrees celsius

Evaporative cooling

as a liquid evaporates its remaining surface cools.

Hydrophilic

substance that has an affinity for water (likes water)

Hydrophobic

Substance that does not have affinity for water (no like water)

Carbon

used to build biological molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. used in storage compounds & cell formation in all organisms.

Nitrogen

proteins & nucleic acids

phosphorus

nucleic acids & certain lipids

sulfur

build proteins

Carbohydrates

consists of sugars and starches

Lipids

consists of fats & oils

nucleic acids

consists of nucleotides

Proteins

consists of amino acids

Monomers

small organic, used for building blocks of polymers, connects with condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis)

Polymers

Long molecules of monomers, with many identical or similar blocks linked by covalent bonds.

Marcomolecules

Giant molecules, 2 or more polymers bonded together.

Dehydration synthesis

Monomers are joined by removal of water, OH from one monomer & removal of H from the other at the site of bond formation (used by all carbon compounds)

Hydrolysis

Monomers are released by the addition of a water molecule, the adding OH to one monomer & H to the other. (take apart)

Polysaccharides

-storage (plants, starch, animals, glycogen in liver, & muscle cells)

-Structure & support (plant-cellulose, arthopod)

Lipids

ONLY class of large biological molecules that do not form polymers

Lipids (Fats)

A glyceral (head) is joined with 3 fatty acid (tails) molecules using dehydration to form a triglyceride (not monomers)

Saturated fats

-No c=c double bond

-long, straight chain

-solid at room temp.

-molecules packed closely tg.

Unsaturated fats

-C=C double bonds present

-liquid at room temp.

-molecules not closely together