Review: 15,16,17,18

psychotherapy

an emotional charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties

biomedical therapy

prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system

eclectic approach

an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality and therapeutic technique that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences--and the therapist's interpretations of them--released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

resistance

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

interpretation

in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

transference

in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

client-centered therapy

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate clients; growth (also called person-centered therapy)

active listening

empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy

behavior therapy

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

counterconditioning

a behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning. Includes EXPOSURE THERAPIES and AVERSIVE CONDITIONING

exposure therapies

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid

systematic desensitization

a type of counterconditioning that associated a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

virtual reality exposure therapy

an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking

aversive conditioning

a type of counter-conditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

token economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

cognitive therapy

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

cognitive-behavior therapy

a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

family therapy

therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication

psychopharmacology

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

tardive dyskinesia

involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target D2 dopamine receptors

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

Psychosurgery

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

Lobotomy

a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity

Jungian Psychoanalysis

an occult reinterpretation of Freud; the collective unconscious; there is a biological drive to unite with the divine

Adlerian Psychoanalysis

sibling rivalry; inferiority complex; striving for perfection a major cause of problems; power is the key to relationships

Lacanian Psychoanalysis

most famous interpreter of Freud today; to be happy we must limit our desires

Primal therapy

Arthur Janov, pop psychology at its worst; a primal scream heals the trauma of childbirth

Logotherapy

Victor Frankl; focus all attention on what gives meaning and problems become less significant; existential in nature

Reality therapy

William Glasser; face problems from a 'realistic' point of view; responsibility; contracts

Transactional Analysis

have clear lines of communication; parent, adult and child take from Freud's understanding of personality \n

Rational-Emotive Therapy

Albert Ellis; in the cognitive tradition, but Ellis presents himself as a know-it-all guru with nihilistic tendencies

Free Association

clients verbally report without censorship any thoughts that enter their awareness

Genuineness

refers to consistency between the way the therapist feels and the way he or she behaves

Openness

involves the clients' willingness to invest themselves in therapy and take risks required to change themselves

Self-Relatedness

refers to the client's ability to experience and understand internal states, relate to the process of therapy, and apply what they have learned

Dialectical Behavior Therapy

developed by Marsha Linehan; eclectic treatment designed for borderline personality disorder

The Dodo Bird Verdict

the finding for similar efficacy for widely different therapies

psychological disorder

deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns

ADHD (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder)

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

medical model

the concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured. When applied to psychological disorders, it assumes that these mental illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital

DSM-IV(-TR)

the American Psychiatric Association's "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders", a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. Presently distributed in an updated text revision, most recent is fifth edition

anxiety disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

generalized anxiety disorder

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

panic disorder

an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations

phobia

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation

OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder)

an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions

PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder)

an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

dissociative disorders

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

DID (dissociative identity disorder)

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder

mood disorders

psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

major depressive disorder

a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

mania

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

bipolar disorder

a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania (formerly called manic-depressive disorder)

schizophrenia

a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

delusions

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

personality disorder

psychological disorder characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

antisocial personality disorder

personality disorder in which the person, usually a man, exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

autism

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind

Alzheimer's disease

a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning

paranoid schizophrenia

preoccupations with delusions or hallucinations: often with themes of persecution or grandiosity

disorganized schizophrenia

disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion

catatonic schizophrenia

immobility or excessive, purposeless movement, extreme negativism, and/or parrot-like repeating of another's speech or movements

undifferentiated schizophrenia

many and varied symptoms

residual schizophrenia

withdrawal, after hallucinations and delusion have disappeared

histrionic personality disorder

displays shallow, attention-getting emotions and goes to great lengths to gain other's praise and reassurance

narcissistic personality disorder

exaggerate one's own importance, aided by success fantasies; find criticism hard to accept, often reacting with rage or shame

borderline personality

unstable identity, relationships, and emotions; the hardest to accurately diagnose

dependent personality

an excessive need to be taken care of, fear of separation, and clinging behavior

neurotic disorder

an old term for any distressing behavior that allows one to think rationally and function socially

psychotic disorder

an old term for losing contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

lithium

a chemical that provides an effective drug therapy for mood swings to bipolar disorders

psychogenic fugue

a dissociative disorder where a person loses all sense of identity, wanders away, and establishes a new life

splitting

failure to integrate positive and negative aspects of another's behavior into a coherent whole

culture-bound syndrome

recurrent, locally-specific patterns of aberrant behavior that may or may not be linked to a particular DSM-IV diagnostic category

amok

a dissociative episode in Malaysia characterized by a period of brooding followed by an outburst of violent behavior

ghost sickness

a preoccupation with death and the deceased among Native Americans. Bad dreams, dizziness, weakness, and feelings of futility

zar

in North Africa and the Middle East an experience of spirit possession where the person develops a relationship with the spirit. Withdrawal and apathy

Asperger's disorder

impairment in social interaction

somatoform disorders

physical complaints without a neurological explanation for the problem

factitious disorders

a psychological need to assume a sick role

malingering

falsifying symptoms to avoid responsibility

impulse control disorder

failure to resist destructive behavior

kleptomania

failure to resist stealing

pyromania

failure to resist setting fire

pathological gambling

persistent maladaptive gambling behavior

trichollomania

recurrent pulling out of one's hair

Social Psychology

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

Attribution Theory

suggests how we explain someone's behavior-by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.

Fundamental Attribution Error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

Attitude

feelings, often based on our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.

Conformity

adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

Normative Social Influence

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

Informal Social Influence

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.

Social Facilitation

stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.

Social Loafing

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

Deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.