psychopatholgy exam 1

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BU - PS371

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131 Terms

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4 Ds

deviance, danger, distress, dysfunction

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morbidity

state of having a specific illness/condition

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comorbidity

state of having 2 or more illnesses/conditions

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incidence

percentage of new expression of given condition within target period

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prevalence

any expression of given condition

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genotype

genetic information

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phenotype

what's physically expressed

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allele

one or more alternate forms of a gene that arise by mutation, found at same place on chromosome

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heritability

proportion of presence within a given population (believed to be due to genetic variation)

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validity

extent to which what's being measured is measuring what it's supposed to - is it accurate?

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internal validity

confidence that variables of interest (independent variables) produce specific outcome of interest (dependent variables)

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external validity

how well findings relate to real world conditions

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reliability

consistency of a measure - can same results be reproduced? is measure consistent?

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internal reliability

extent to which measure is consistent within itself, split-half method

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split-half method

measures extent to which all parts of test contribute equally to what's being measured

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external reliability

extent to which a measure varies from one use to another

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test-retest

measures stability of test over time

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inter-rater

degree to which different raters give consistent estimates of the same behavior

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nomothetic

based on peer-based norms (most common in present)

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idiographic

assessments based on individual (more common in past)

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sign

indicator of condition as observed by others, not individual, objective, estimated visually or with instruments

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symptom

indicator of condition as perceived by individual, subjective, cannot be estimated/quantified

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syndrome

condition characterized by specific set of symptoms

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correlation

extent to which two variables are connected

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causation

extent to which one variable causes another

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does correlation equal causation?

NO!

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morbidity

relating to state of being ill or diseased

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comorbidity

more often than not simultaneous presence of one or mother additional illnesses/disorders

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incidence

percentage of new expression of given disease within target period

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prevalence

percentage within certain population of any expression of given disorder within target period

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presumed casual factors

nature, nurture, integration

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emphasis on independent and interrelated biological, social, and psychological factors & the way they interact with one another

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developmental factors

high-risk periods, at-risk populations, critical periods? age-related factors that influence possibility of disorders?

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treatment-related factors

options/treatments of choice, psychological vs. biological vs. other treatment options, what's best for whom & when?

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paradigm

model or framework for which to view a phenomenon

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philippe pinel

humane treatment of mentally ill during french revolution

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william tuke

founder of the retreat at york, humane treatment of mentally ill, "moral treatment"

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dr. benjamin rush

among first of americans to believe that mental illness was "disease of the mind" and not demonic possession, "father of american psychiatry"

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dorothea dix

advocated for humane treatment of people with mental illness in asylums in america

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emil kraepelin

classification system for identification of mental illness, credited with first record-keeping system in mental hospitals

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key figures - psychodynamic

freud, jung, adler, horney

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characteristics - psychodynamic

maladaptive behavior is the result of unconscious unresolved conflict. pathology results as net observable effect of unmet needs

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theoretical foundation - psychodynamic

case studies, correlational research

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temporal focus - psychodynamic

historical

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research support - psychodynamic

moderate

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key figures - behavioral

skinner, pavlov, watson, thorndike

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characteristics - behavioral

all behavior is learned, pathology results as maladaptive ways of coping with experience

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theoretical foundation - behavioral

experimental-based

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temporal focus - behavioral

ahistorical

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research support - behavioral

strong

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key figures - cognitive-behavioral

beck, seligman, bandura, maultsby, linehan

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characteristics - cognitive-behavioral

maladaptive thoughts lead to maladaptive behavior - cognitive errors can be unmasked and modified

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theoretical foundation - cognitive-behavioral

animal research, case studies, experimental human research

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temporal focus - cognitive-behavioral

historical and contemporary

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research support - cognitive-behavioral

strong

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key figures - humanistic/existential

maslow, rogers, satir

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characteristics - humanistic/existential

pathology results from difficulty finding pleasure/fulfillment

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theoretical foundation - humanistic/existential

subjective, mostly self-report

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temporal focus - humanistic/existential

present, future

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research support - humanistic/existential

weak

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key figures - multicultural/sociocultural

wing sue, sue, linton, parham, white, comas-diaz, landrine

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characteristics - multicultural/sociocultural

maladaptive responses to conflicts between dominant and "minority" cultural norms

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theoretical foundation - multicultural/sociocultural

interpersonal dynamics, sociology, anthropology, political science

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temporal focus - multicultural/sociocultural

historical and contemporary

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research support - multicultural/sociocultural

modest

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historical perspective disease model

each disorder has clear underlying physiological cause

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genome-wide associated studies (GWAS)

identify specific genetic markers believed to be associated with psychiatric disorders

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common disease common variant (CDCV)

many genes contribute to association with disorder (most likely)

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multiple rare variant (MRV)

few genes (multiple rare variances) contribute to association with disorder

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genetic linkage analyses

examine traits with known genetic coding as potential markers of disorder

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twin studies

prevalence of schizophrenia in identical vs. fraternal twins

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adoption studies

twins raised separately w/o biological parents instead of together

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family studies

expression of traits among relatives as a function of degree of relatedness

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diathesis-stress model

diathesis = physiological vulnerability to expression of disorder

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risk for expression determined by stress, but stress not constant throughout life

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reciprocal gene-environment

more dynamic than diathesis-stress model, takes genetically encoded traits into consideration (increase/decrease probability of encountering stressful experiences)

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cross-sectional

study of effects/relationships over time by recruiting groups of individuals (eg. grouping by age)

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longitudinal

study of effects/relationships over time, across multiple assessment sections

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case studies

detailed exploration of rare occurrences, help generate hypotheses

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single-subject experiments

allows testing of causal hypotheses

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single-person study flaws

susceptible to bias, difficult to generalize

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population studies

get incidence, prevalence across population, eg. kessler et al

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group experiments

existing or created for experiment, correlational and comparative

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multiple person experiments pros and cons

easy to repeat, enhance external validity, but don't address causal factors

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observational data

purely raw observation, nothing in manipulated

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experimental data

intentional manipulation of variables in experimental environment

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clinical trial phase i

evaluation of safety, open label (no deception), may represent first human use, very small samples

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clinical trial phase ii

evaluate usefulness, risk, side effects, dose - placebo controlled, somewhat larger sample group, typically blinded - always at least single blinded, sometimes double blinded - compare study drug to placebo

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clinical trial to phase iii

establish efficacy, compare to other treatments - blinded, random assignment to treatment groups

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independent variable

variable that's being manipulated

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dependent variable

variable that changes as outcome of manipulation

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single blind study

one party (subject/experimenter) is unaware whether they are in the experimental or control group

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double-blind study

neither party is aware which is the control group and which is the experimental group

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statistical significance

results are reliable/statistically significant (p=.05)

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clinical significance

contextualization of results - overall effect on well-being, health, functionality

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purpose of assessment

background, diagnosis, track treatment goals and change if needed, select research subjects

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concurrent validity

ability for a test to predict event in the present - does it line up with another measures known to measure outcome?

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predictive validity

ability for a test to predict event in the future - does measure accurately predict outcomes that we would expect?

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standardization

process in which procedures used in research are kept the same

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bias

we want none of it. get that shit outta here