HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY PSYC 375 FINAL EXAM REVIEW Comprehensive- Athabasca University

Of the following, who would be most likely to take the position that humans are responsible for their actions?

Non determinist and soft determinist

The ____ stresses a person's beliefs, emotions, perceptions, values, and goals as determinants of behavior.

Soft Determinist

For Aristotle, sensory experience

was necessary but not sufficient for attaining knowledge

According to Aristotle, we perceive environmental objects because:

their movement influences a medium, which in turn stimulates one or more of the five senses

Protagorus, the best known Sophist, presented the Sophist's position. Which of the following is not representative of the position?

what is truth is not affected by the cultterm-5ure in which one lives

Socrates used the method of ____ to determine what all examples of a concept such as beauty had in common.

inductive definition

The force that transforms matter into a particular form is its ____ cause.

efficient

____ stresses the emotional or unconscious determinants of human behavior.

Irrationalism

The study of knowledge is called:

epistemology

The contention that what we experience mentally accurately reflects the physical world is called:

naive realism

Philosophy began:

when logos replaced mythos

The allegory of the cave demonstrates:

how difficult it is to deliver humans from ignorance

Plato believed that the ideal society would be governed by:

philosopher-kings

For Aristotle, sensory experience:

is necessary but not sufficient for attaining knowledge

According to St. Augustine, humans can have conceptions of the past and future because:

of the remnants of sensory experiences

What was a goal of St.Thomas Aquinas?

To strengthen the position of the church through reason

Copernicus argued that:

the earth revolves around the sun (heliocentric theory)

According to the work of Galileo, which set best illustrates the concepts of primary quality and secondary quality?

primary quality: size; secondary quality: color

According to Galileo, secondary qualities:

cannot be measured objectively

Galileo was among the first to suggest that:

a science of psychology (conscious experience) was impossible

According to Bacon, science should utilize:

only the direct observation of nature

History has shown that Bacon's inductive approach to science was largely ignored. However, ____ and his followers adopted Bacon's philosophy of science.

Skinner

Concerning the mind-body relationship, Descartes proposed:

interactionism

Descartes believed that:

the mind is nonmaterial

Later in history, Bacon's approach to science was called:

positivism

The religion in which individuals are caught in an eternal struggle between wisdom and correctness as well as ignorance and evil is called:

Zoroastrianism

According to Philo, the way to true knowledge is by:

a purified, passive mind receiving divine illumination

For St. Augustine, the primary goal of human existence was to:

enter into a personal, emotional union with God

Which of the following occurred during the Dark Ages (c. 400-1000)?

Arab philosophy, science, and theology flourished

Aquinas' great achievement was the:

reconciliation of faith and reason

To remove inconsistencies in church dogma, Abelard used:

the dialectic method

All of the following were true of Averroes' philosophy except:

it was basically Platonistic

According to Lombard, all of the following was a way of knowing God except:

avoiding sensory experience

This person preferred naturalistic explanations to supernatural ones and earned the title "Destroyer of Religion."

Epicurus

All of the following individuals searched for abstract truths that existed beyond the world of appearance except:

Pythagoras
b. Plato
c. William of Occam Correct(p. 92)
d. Aquinas

Which of the following accepted a completely materialistic philosophy?

. Zeno of Citium
b. the Epicureans Incorrect(pp. 69-71)
c. the Stoics
d. all of these choices
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The correct answer is: all of these choices

Which of the following did not characterize Renaissance humanism?

a deep appreciation of Aristotelianism

Who was the astronomer who suggested that the earth revolves around the sun 1,700 years before Copernicus?

Aristarchus of Samos

The only justification for accepting Copernicus' heliocentric theory was that it:

explained known astrological facts in a simpler, more harmonious, mathematical order

Which of the following was a negative aspect of Protestantism?

It embraced the philosophies of Aristotle.
b. It insisted on accepting the existence of God on faith alone; trying to understand God through reason was foolish.
c. It accepted reason and the observation of nature as ways of knowing God. Incorrect(p. 103)
d. As a religion, it was very forgiving of its followers' sins.
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The correct answer is: It insisted on accepting the existence of God on faith alone; trying to understand God through reason was foolish.

Galileo used experiments to do all of the following except:

show that essences are important for explanations

According to Bacon, the human tendency to see events as they would like them constituted the:

idol of the tribe

According to Bacon, the personal biases that result from one's own experiences and education constituted the:

idol of the cave

According to Renaissance humanists, Aristotle's philosophy had:

become too influential within the church

Deduction involves:

predicting a particular even from a general principle

Newton believed all of the following except:

explanations of natural events must always be as simple as possible
b. natural events can never be explained by postulating properties inherent to them Incorrect(p. 113)
c. classification is not explanation
d. because God created the universe, physical events can be understood in terms of their purpose
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The correct answer is: because God created the universe, physical events can be understood in terms of their purpose

Descartes explained all animal behavior and much human behavior in terms of ____ principles.

. innate Incorrect(p. 120)
b. mechanical
c. religious
d. rational
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The correct answer is: mechanical

The person who discovered that the retina, not the lens, is the light sensitive part of the eye and that inoculation might prevent disease was:

Averroes

Philo believed all of the following except:

courage in the face of adversity was the highest virtue

During the period before the Renaissance, which of the following was not true?

scientific inquiry and reason were encouraged

Confessions, a volume about one man's sins, confessions, and forgiveness was written by:

St. Augustine

____ sought to reconcile Judaism and Aristotelian philosophy.

Maimonides

The belief that abstract universals (essences) exist and that empirical events are only manifestations of those universals is called:

Realism

The mystery religions that were influential in the early Roman Empire were characterized by all of the following except

a belief in multiple Gods

Descartes had an intellectual crisis when:

it occurred to him that everything he had ever learned was useless

Who were among the first to accept Copernicus's heliocentric theory?

mathematicians who embraced Pythagorean-Platonic philosophy

Petrarch believed all of the following except:

Scholasticism contained most of the solutions to human problems

According to Bacon, scientific theory:

biased observations

Giovanni Pico argued that:

God had granted humans a unique position in the universe.

Newton believed all of the following about the universe except that:

it was too complex to be understood by anyone but God

Which of the following was not a factor in the acceptance of objective study of nature due to the weakening of church authority?

the embracing of Aristotle's empirical views

Galileo made a sharp distinction between objective and subjective reality. These concepts refer respectively to which?

primary; secondary qualities

All of the following were reasons that Kepler accepted Copernicus's heliocentric theory except:

Kepler believed that Copernicus' theory gave humans a favored place in the universe

Among the Renaissance humanists, Skepticism was most clearly demonstrated by:

Montaigne

Hartley believed that vibrations in the brain continued after the external stimulation that caused them had ceased. He called these lingering vibrations:

vibratiuncles

CHAPTERS 5+ 6
La Mettrie believed that:

accepting atheism and materialism would lead to a more humane world

Comte used the term sociology to describe:

the study of how different societies compared in terms of his proposed three stages of development

According to ____, the best government was one that provided the greatest amount of happiness to the greatest number of people.

utilitarianism

According to Locke, a secondary quality was:

an aspect of the physical world that could only stimulate psychological experiences

Bain's goal was to

describe the physiological correlates of mental and behavioral phenomena

Locke's major argument against the existence of innate ideas was that:

humans do not share the same ideas

According to Hartley, as ideas or stimuli came to elicit behaviors not originally associated with them, ____ behavior was converted into ____ behavior.

involuntary; voluntary

According to Helvétius, control ____ and you control the contents of the mind

experience

Bain's law of ____ stated that although individual experiences may be too weak to revive a memory, several weak associations may combine and thereby be strong enough to recall it.

compound association

With which of the following statements would Bentham have agreed?

Happiness depends on experiencing pleasure and avoiding pain.

Hume referred to knowledge that existed by definition, such as mathematical knowledge, as:

demonstrative knowledge

Which statement best illustrates Gassendi's beliefs?

Humans consists of nothing but matter.

According to Hume, the mind is:

a set of perceptions that a person is having at any given moment

James Mill maintained that any mental experience can be reduced to:

Simple ideas

Because Comte believed that science should be practical and nonspeculative, his view of science was very similar to that of

Bacon

Hobbes' theory of human motivation was:

Hedonistic

What was true of the British empiricists?

They attempted to explain the functioning of the mind according to Newton's principles.

Locke advised that children experience a process called hardening in order to:

Prepare themselves for the hardships of life.

For Hobbes, choice was:

Nothing more than a verbal label.

Hobbes' explanation of "trains of thought" relied on:

the law of contiguity

According to John Stuart Mill, meteorology, tidology, and psychology are inexact sciences because their ____ are not understood.

Secondary Laws

According to Berkeley, external reality exists because:

God perceived it

Bain felt that the law of ____ accounted for the creativity that characterizes poets, artists and inventors.

constructive association

Condillac felt that Locke:

gave the mind unnecessary innate powers

According to John Locke primary qualities ____ and secondary qualities ____.

create ideas of physical attributes; create ideas with no physical counterpart

John Stuart Mill's concept of ____ emancipated associationistic psychology from the strict mental mechanics proposed by James Mill and others

Mental Chemistry

For Locke, all ideas come from:

sensation and reflection

If what is meant by psychology is the introspective analysis of the mind, then according to Comte, psychology constitutes:

metaphysical nonsense

For Hartley, the only process that converts simple ideas into complex ideas is:

association

Hume's goal was to combine ____ with principles of ____ to create a science of human nature.

empirical philosophy; Newtonian science

Hume distinguished between ____, which were strong, vivid perceptions, and ____, which were relatively weak perceptions.

impressions; ideas

Which law and scenario pairing best illustrates one of Hume's laws of associations?

Law of cause and effect: Gertrude sees lighting and consequently expects thunder

What is the belief that the world is as we immediately experience it?

direct realism

According to Kant, our phenomenological experience results from:

the interaction between sensations and the categories of thought

For Spinoza, free will:

Is Fiction