Studied by 2 people
Cell
the smallest most basic unit of living organisms, the simplest structure that exists as an independent unit of life
Unicellular
single cell
Multicellular
more than one cell
Cell theory
similarity in the microscopic organization of all living organisms, all organisms are made up of cells, the cell is the fundamental unit of life, cells come from preexisting cells, unites all forms of life
the fundamental unit of life
the simplest entity we can define as living-reproduce, respond to environment, harness energy, evolve
Cell membrane
the boundary between the interior of the cell and the nonliving exterior, define compartments within eukaryotic cells
Homeostasis
the active maintenance of stable internal conditions, maintained by the cell membrane, important for cells and organisms, temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, blood pH, and water content, active energy-using process
Proteins
make the cell's internal architecture, shape, ability to move, and chemical reactions
Ribosomes
complex structure, the site where a protein is assembled, translates RNA, made up of RNA and protein, a small unit and a large unit, 3 types of ribosomal RNAs and 20-50 types of ribosomal proteins
Central dogma
the path from DNA to RNA to protein, the basic flow of info on all cells, a key concept of biology
Metabolism
the entire set of chemical reactions by which cells transfer energy from one form to another and build and breakdown molecules
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
a chemical form that stores energy, enables cells to carry out functions, used for growing, division, and transfer of substances in and out of cells
Catabolism
a set of chemical reactions that break molecules into smaller pieces
Anabolism
a set of chemical reactions that build molecules from smaller units, require energy
Nucleus
membrane-bound space that contains the genetic material of the cell
Nuclear membrane
controls substance moving in and out of the nucleus
Cytoplasm
the space outside of the nucleus
Eukaryotic
cells within a nucleus
Domain
groups of organisms. bacteria, eukarya, and archaea
Prokaryotic domains
small size, reproduce rapidly, obtain energy and nutrients-bacteria and archaea, can only use passive or active transport
Plasma membrane
surrounds the cell wall- helps keep its shape
Bacteria cell wall
thick peptidoglycan or thin lipid layer
Flagella
structures of their surface to help them move
Plasmids
small circular molecules of DNA, few genes, transformed through pili, extend from one cell to another when exchanging plasmids, hold info about environmental advantages because it can spread quickly
Eukarya
animals, plants, fungi, protists (single-celled microorganisms)
Nuclear membrane
allows for more complex regulation of gene expression
Organelles
membrane-defined compartments, that divide cell contents
Cytosol
jelly-like material outside of the nucleus and organelles
Cilia
a rod like structure that extends from the cells
Nonmotile cilia
cilia that don’t move, sensor function
Motile cilia
cilia that move
Surface area
the total amount of area of the outer surface of an area
Internal membranes
define the subcellular compartments/ organelles, each with a specific function and organization
Membrane bridges
connectes membranes within a cell
Vesicles
small membrane-enclosed sacs that transport substances within a cell or from the interior to the exterior of the cell, form a budding from an organelle, join an organelle and fuse with its membrane
Endomembrane system
made up of interconnected membranes of the cell or connected by vesicles, can change shape quickly, divides the cell interior into 2 parts, including the cell membrane, nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles
Plant endomembrane
continuous between cells through intercellular connections
Cytoskeleton
protects and gives structure to the cell, can be remodeled quickly which allows cell shape to change quickly
Nucleus
the innermost organelle of the endomembrane, protects the DNA
Nuclear envelope
defines the boundary of the nucleus, 2 lipid bilayer membranes
Nuclear pores
perforate the inner and outer nuclear envelope membranes, large protein complexes with an inner passageway that regulates which molecules move into and out of the nucleus, essential for communication between the nucleus and the rest of the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
an organelle made up of interconnected tubules and flattened sacs, extremely convoluted membrane, involved in the production of proteins and lipids, bound with 1 membrane which is continuous with the nuclear membrane, produces many of the proteins and lipids used inside and outside the cell
Lumen
the interior of the organelle or cell
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
studied with ribosomes, the site of RNA protein synthesis
Enzymes
proteins that speed up rates of chemical reactions
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
the site of fatty acid and phospholipid synthesis, predominates in cells specialized for the production of lipids- many synthesize steroid hormones
Golgi apparatus
made up of cisternae sacs, modifies and sorts proteins and lipids produced by the ER, usually where vesicles go after the ER, part of the pathway of modification of proteins and lipids, modifies proteins and lipids, sorting, adds carbohydrates to proteins and lipids
Lysosomes
specialized vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus, degrade damaged and unneeded macromolecules, have a key role in intracellular digestion and recycling of organic compounds, involved in programmed cell death
Nucleolus
makes mRNA and also holds ERNA and rRNA
Chromatin
DNA or cell information that is ready for use
Chromosomes
DNA or information ready for transport around the cell
Glycoproteins and glycolipids
sacs that make up the majority of the Golgi apparatus
Antigens/ recognition factors
carbohydrates added to proteins and lipids, like a badge
Endosymbiotic theory
bacteria was eaten and instead of being broken down lived inside of the organism, why animal cells don't have a cell wall, also why mitochondria and chloroplasts are fully separate from the endomembrane system
Mitochondria
the site of cellular respiration, harness energy stored in the carbohydrate and other organic molecules and transfer it to the form ATP, not part of the endomembrane system
Cellular respiration
a series of chemical reactions in which organic molecules are broken down and the energy is stored as ATP, takes place in the mitochondria, oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide released
Anatomy of a mitochondria
rod-shaped with 2 membranes, outer and highly convoluted inner membrane which increases function
Intermembrane space
space between the inner and outer membranes
Mitochondria matrix
space enclosed by the inner membrane
Chloroplasts
organelles that capture sunlight energy to synthesize simple sugars, present in plant cells and green algae, have an inner and outer membrane
Photosynthesis
the capture of sunlight to synthesize simple sugars, carbon dioxide is consumed and oxygen is released
Thylakoid
inside of chloroplasts, look like flattened sacs, grouped into structures called grana, very convoluted for increased function
Grana
in the thylakoid, connected to one another by membrane bridges so they enclose a single interconnected compartment
Thylakoid membrane
where the light from the sun is turned into chemical energy
Chlorophyll
light-collecting pigment molecule in the thylakoid membrane, green in color
Cytoskeleton
a system of protein filaments, that provides internal support for cells and tracks within the cell for transport of vesicles and other organelles, determines the cell’s shape, allows some cells to change shape, move about, and transport substances within the cell
Microtubules and microfilaments
cytoskeletal elements, long chains of polymers made up of protein subunits, allow cells to change shape, move about, and transport substances
Microfilaments
present in various locations of cytoplasm, extensively branched just beneath the cell membrane, play an important role in maintaining cell shape, log bundles form a band that extends around the circumference of epithelial cells
Microtubules
hollow tube-like structures, that help maintain cell shape and internal structure, in animal cells, they radiate outward from a microtubule organizing center to the cell periphery, helps cells withstand compression, many organelles tether to these to be guided to organelle arrangements
Cell wall
present in plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria, made up of carbohydrates and proteins but mostly polysaccharide cellulose, maintains the cell shape and size, protection, and structure, outside the cell membrane, rigid and resists expansion
Turgor pressure
the force exerted by water pressing against an object, a result of water moving into cells surrounded by a cell wall, provides structural support and protection for cells
Plant vacuole
in plants and fungi cells, absorbs water and contributes to turgor pressure, why plants wilt, can store nutrients, ions, and water, why plant cells are usually larger
Fungi cell wall
chitin
Bacteria cell wall
peptidoglycan
Volume
the total amount of space an object occupies
Microplasma
a bacteria, the smallest free-living organism
Surface area
describes a flat 2D surface
Allometry
increase in size and change in shape, what happens in the bio world
Isometry
increase in size but shape overall kept
Diffusion
the movement of molecules from areas of high to low concentration, fast over short distances yet incredibly slow and ineffective over long distances
Bulk flow
the movement of a fluid driven by pressure differences, moves oxygen, nutrients, and hormones, allow plants and animals to be have different sizes, shapes, and functions
Lipid bilayer
formed in an aqueous or watery environment, made up of lipids (phospholipids), proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates, formed by a less bulky head and 2 lipid-tailed phospholipids, chains come together with heads on the outside, form all cell membranes, self-healing
Phospholipids
a glycerol backbone attached to a phosphate group and 2 fatty acids, the head is hydrophilic and the tail is hydrophobic, nonpolar, and doesn’t form hydrogen bonds with water, are amphipathic, make up the membrane bilayer, when put in water they form a bilayer in a liposome shape
Amphipathic
having hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions
Membranes as dynamic
membranes can perform lateral movements of lipids and other membrane components, help vesicles break off and be absorbed, allows shape change, movement, and engulfment of particles, Van der Waals forces allow phospholipid tails to associate and move
Long phospholipid tail
makes the membrane less fluid
Number or carbon-carbon bonds
makes phospholipid chains unsaturated and therefore less stable and more fluid
Cholesterol
amphipathic and participates in the membrane bilayer, at higher temperatures, the cholesterol membranes become more stable and less fluid, helps temperature not drastically change membrane fluidity (homeostasis)
Lipid rafts
lipids formed into defined patches, bilayers aren’t uniform and rather made up of different rafts
Lipid flip-flop
spontaneous transfer of lipid between bilayer layers, very rare, the hydrophilic head would have to pass through the hydrophobic area, why different layers have different components
Transport proteins
move ions and molecules that can't cross on their own across the membrane
Energy harnessing
electrons pass along the membrane to eventually be used as energy for the cell
Receptor proteins-
allowed the cell to receive signals from the environment, some act as enzymes and others help maintain structure and shape
Integral membrane proteins
permanently associated with the cell membrane and can’t be removed without destroying the membrane
Peripheral membrane proteins
temporarily associated with the membrane or integral membrane proteins through weak noncovalent bonds, easily separated, help proteins cluster in lipid rafts, transmit signal from the environment
Transmembrane proteins
the main type of integral membrane proteins, span the entire bilayer and have 2 hydrophilic regions on either end and a hydrophobic piece in the middle, the hydrophobic piece holds the proteins in place, acts for the outer hydrophilic end to receive signals, and sends them through the hydrophobic piece
Glycoproteins
a carbohydrate covalently linked to a protein, move freely around the cell
Glycolipids
a carbohydrate covalently attached to a lipid, move freely around the cell
Fluid mosaic model
inspired by lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates freely moving in the membrane, the lipid bilayer is a structure within which molecules have laterally (fluid) and is a mixture (mosaic of various components)
Liposome
formed when phospholipids are placed in water with a natural pH, form a spherical shape that resembles a cell
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