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At the beginning of this substage, Maya’s sensorimotor actions consist primarily of automatic spontaneous reactions to direct environmental stimuli. That is, she can suck on a bottle that is placed in her mouth, or a grasp a finger that is placed in her hand, but she is not capable of much any sensorimotor activities beyond these activities. However, a couple of weeks later, Maya starts to engage in sucking behaviors upon simply seeing a bottle, even without having someone place the bottle in her mouth. What sensorimotor substage is Maya in?

Simple reflexes

One day while lying in her crib, Allison recognizes that waving her hands around is an interesting and pleasant experience. As a result of this discovery, Allison begins waving her hands around on a regular basis. What substage is Allison in?

Primary circular reactions

One day, after banging on a toy xylophone by accident, Evan recognizes that this action produces a noise that is interesting and fun to listen to. Evan is beginning to recognize that his arms and hands are responsible for making this noise. Thus, Evan begins banging on the toy xylophone repeatedly in order to make the interesting noise. What sensorimotor substage is Evan in?

Secondary circular reactions

Jacob has learned from past experience that he can stack blocks on top of one another. But Jacob has started to become interested in learning about the other things that can be done with the block. So Jacob starts purposely throwing the block at a wall, banging it on the table, and sliding it across the floor in order to see what will happen. What sensorimotor substage is Jacob in?

Tertiary circular reactions

psychologist is studying whether a child’s parents knowing the child’s friends will make a difference in the child’s academic achievement. Which level of the ecological system in Bronfenbrenner’s theory is this research focused on?

Mesosystem

The inheritance of traits that are influenced by multiple genes is called ____.

Polygenic inheritance

The first time a child used a fork, she tries to use it the way she used a spoon. According to Piaget’s theory, this is called _________.

Assimilation

An infant who has stared at the picture of a dog on a computer screen for a minute starts to turn her attention to a pencil on the desk. When the dog in the computer barks, she turns to the computer and watches it intensely. This look at the barking dog is called

Dishabituation

David who learned that his favorite toy is called a truck. The next day, his mother took her to the street and he saw a minivan drove by, he exclaimed “truck!” David was making a(n) _________ error.

Overextension

Gena drew a picture and went to her mom and said: “Am I doing a gooder job today?” Gena was making a(n) _________ error.

Overregularization

Object permanence

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched

Preoperational stage

Piaget's second major stage, from about 2 to 7 years, characterized by the ability to use symbols but an inability to use logic

Egocentrism

The preoperational child's difficulty in seeing the world from another's viewpoint

Centration

The tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation and ignore other, relevant aspects

Conservation

The understanding that certain properties of an object (like mass or volume) remain the same despite changes in its appearance

Zone of proximal development

Vygotsky's concept for the range of tasks a learner can perform with help but cannot yet perform independently

Disorganized attachment

An attachment style characterized by confused, contradictory behaviors upon reunion with the caregiver

Temperament

Innate, biologically based personality and behavioral tendencies that are evident in infancy

Imprinting

A rapid, innate learning process that occurs during a critical period and establishes a long

Critical period

A specific time in development when an organism is particularly sensitive to specific environmental influences

Assimilation

Piagetian term for interpreting new experiences in terms of one's existing schemas

Accommodation

Piagetian term for adjusting one's existing schemas to incorporate new information

Sensorimotor stage

Piaget's first stage (birth to 2 years) where infants know the world through sensory impressions and motor activities

Holophrase

A single word used by a young child to express a complete thought or idea

Telegraphic speech

Early speech stage where a child speaks like a telegram, using mostly nouns and verbs (e.g., "Go car")

Cross

sectional study

Longitudinal study

A research design that follows the same individuals over a period of time to track development

Nature vs. nurture

The longstanding debate over the relative importance of genetic inheritance (nature) and environmental factors (nurture) in development

Recessive gene

A gene that is expressed only when two copies of it are present

Dominant gene

A gene that is expressed whenever it is present

Genotype

An organism's genetic makeup

Phenotype

An organism's observable traits, resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment