Lesson 1: History + Intro

Who identified the bacteria that caused bubonic plague

Kitasato Shibasaburo, in 1894.

Why did Yersin get to name the bacteria that caused bubonic plague

Because Shibasaburo’s reports were rather vague

WHo identified the bacteria that caused tetnus? what did they do

Shibasaburo. He isolated the antibodies and from that came tetnus shot.

What fall under prokaryotes

Bacteria and Archaea

What falls under eukaryotes

Fungi and yeast

Can bacterias cause disease

yes

Can viruses cause diseases

yes

Can eukaryotes cause diseases

Yes

Just infections or other diseases

Other diseases. Some microorganisms can cause cancer/increased risk of cancer

Are all microorgnismis in our body bad? Why or why note

No.

• THey help digest food

• THey make vitamins for us

• They are extensions of our genomes, give us more cababilities

• They help prevent infections by pathogenic microbes

How do our bodily microorgnaims help prevent us from getting sick?

The microbiome limits niches availiable, so diseases cant infect

it helps train immunity

It is possible that that autoimune diseases are less prevelant in 3rd world countries because the first world is cleaniner so it is less exposed

Why is microbiology important in science

Microorganisms are mdoel systems for basic studie of biological processes (thin LAC operon)

Why are microorgnaims important on a space and time global scale

Bacteria and archaea started releasing oxygen into atmosphere as a result of photosynthesis

They made the world super oxygenated with opend up new niches for prehistoric organisms

When did bacteria and archaea first appear

4bya

When did we transistion to an oxygenated atmosphere

around 2bya years ago

What are 6 human uses of mcrobes

• waterwaste treatment

• bioremediation (cleaning contaminaed envrionments)

• Biotech applications (ex. insulin)

• Food fermentations

• Industrial fermentations

• Biofilms (can damage areas, very bad in medical devices bc they are medication resistant)

Majority of the earths biomass is what

Microbes, more than plants and animals combined

How many microbial cells are there on earth

10 to the 30

WHat is the range of them on earth

Several kilometers up in atmosphere and at least 10 km below surface

What are 3 historical events/,ilestones of microbiology

• Visual observation of microbes

• Defeate of the theory of spontaneous generation

• Demonstration of infectios diseases and acquired immunity

What did robert hooke do? When

First person to observe miccroorganisms

• amiplied microscope to 30x times

• was able to capture different microorganisms

Conied the term cell

Wrote first book on microscopic observations

What did Antoni Leuuwenhoek do? When?

later 1600s

He was able to construct his own single elns micrscope which ampliefed 300 times

his hobby was lens grinding

Able to describe lots of microorgs

What is spontaneous generation

The idea that all living organisms formed spontaneously from natural elements

What did early experiments of spontaneous generation show? What were the competing theories

If food was heated and then sealed from air, then it did not rot

Competing theories

• air carries a vital force (something in it that allows life)

• Air carries seeds or germs

Describe the Louis Pasteur experiment? When was it?

• mid 1800s

• He poured non sterile liquid in a flask

• He put a swan necked flask and heated the neck of the flask out in flame to sterilize the neck

• Next step is to heat the bottom of flask to sterilize the liquid. The steam came out the open end. THe neck pf the flask partially restricts the airflow. In the past air flow was fully restricted, not proving if air was source or not. The swan flask let air get in, so if air can get in and air carries life, then air would cause microorganims to grow

• Dust and microorganisms from the air are trapped in the neck.

• If you leave the flask standing upright, the microorganisms were able to travel to liquid and liquid remains sterilie

• If flask is tipped, then mcrorohnisms can get to liquid, liquid putrefies

What is the germ theory of diseases?

Idea that bad air would give you diseases

What did Edward jenenr do (late 1700s)

Vaccination for small pox from cow pox. He heard idea that dairy would not get small pox if they had already got cow pox

he took kid and gave him cow pox, kid got beter, inocculated kid with small pox, kid did not get sick

What did Louis pasteur also do (late 1800s)

Vaccines for anthrax, fowl cholerae, and rabies

WHat did joseph lister do (mis 1800s)

Concept of disinfection of wounds and surgical rooms

What did Robert Koch do?

Used potato slcies, geltin and starch to grow microorganisms

Why is agar preffered over gelatin

Gelatin has a melting point of 28 and metabolixed, agar is solid at 37 degrees and not metabolized

What is a spread plate

Dilute in liquid then plate

What is a streak plate

Dilute on plate itself using loop

What is a pure culture

a colony where are cells are identical, each colony is a pure cultrue

What is koch’s postulates

Rules for clearly demonstration the cause of an infectious diseases

What are the 4 rules

The organism should be present in all animals suffering from the disease and should not be present in healthy individuals

The organism should be grown in pure culture away from the animal body

Cells from the pure culture, when inoculated into susceptible animals, shows cause diseases symptoms

The organism should be re-isolated from these experimental animals and cultures again. After which it should sti;ll be the same as the original organism

Would koch postulate work for viruses

Nope. Virsues need a host body. they cannot culture on their own.

What are enrichment tecniques

Design media to look for bacteria, to isolate the specific envrionment

Place an envrionmetnal sample under conditions that select for optiimal growth of an organisms with specific metabolic cabailities

WHat did Bejierinck and Winogradsky do (late 1800s and early 1900s)

Isolate from envriomental soil and water samples

Demonstrated chemolithotrophy, fixation of CO2 in other ways, fixation of atmospheric nitrogen

What is Chemolithothropy

THe use of inorganic compounds (sulfur, ammonia, etx) to obtain energy

What did Beijernick and winogradsky show about co2 fixation

not always associated with photosynthesis