History Finals

Monroe Doctrine

The Monroe Doctrine was a US foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers. It was introduced by President James Monroe in 1823.

Big Stick Diplomacy

Diplomatic policy developed by T.R. where the "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy.

* Big Stick Diplomacy was a foreign policy strategy employed by US President Theodore Roosevelt in the early 1900s.
* The strategy involved using military power to protect US interests and promote stability in the Western Hemisphere.
* The phrase "speak softly and carry a big stick" was used to describe the approach, emphasizing the importance of diplomacy backed by military strength.
* The policy was used in several instances, including the construction of the Panama Canal and the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.
* Critics of the policy argued that it was aggressive and undermined the principles of international law and diplomacy.

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically, it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

* President William Howard Taft's foreign policy
* Focused on economic investment in Latin America and East Asia
* Aimed to increase American influence and protect American business interests
* Used loans and investments to promote stability and development in target countries
* Criticized for being exploitative and imperialistic by some, but seen as a successful policy by others.

Moral Diplomacy

Foreign policy proposed by President Wilson to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace

* President Woodrow Wilson's foreign policy
* Promoted democracy and human rights
* Opposed imperialism and colonialism
* Aimed to spread American values and ideals
* Used economic and diplomatic pressure instead of military force
* Implemented in Latin America and Asia
* Criticized for being hypocritical and ineffective

Rooosevelt corollary

updated the Monroe Doctrine for an age of economic imperialism

* The Roosevelt Corollary was an addition to the Monroe Doctrine.
* It was introduced by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904.
* The corollary stated that the United States would intervene in the affairs of Latin American countries to prevent European intervention.
* The corollary was used to justify U.S. intervention in several Latin American countries, including the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Nicaragua.
* The corollary was criticized by some as an example of U.S. imperialism and interference in the affairs of other nations.

Panama Canal

a ship canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the United States (1904-1914)

* Location: Panama, Central America
* Purpose: Connects Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, saves time and distance for shipping
* Construction: Started by France in 1881, completed by US in 1914
* Length: 50 miles (80 km)
* Locks: 3 sets of locks (Miraflores, Pedro Miguel, Gatun) to raise and lower ships
* Expansion: Completed in 2016, doubled capacity and allowed larger ships to pass through
* Importance: Vital trade route, generates revenue for Panama, reduces shipping costs and carbon emissions.

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

**Open Door Policy**

* Introduced by the US in 1899
* Aimed to ensure equal trading rights in China for all foreign nations
* Proposed after the Boxer Rebellion to prevent the partition of China
* Based on the principle of free trade and open access to markets
* Reaffirmed by the Nine-Power Treaty in 1922
* Reflected the US desire to expand its economic influence in Asia
* Contributed to the growth of US-China trade relations

Yellow Journalism

Yellow Journalism:

* Sensationalism: exaggeration, distortion, and fabrication of news stories to attract readers
* Clickbait headlines: attention-grabbing headlines that often misrepresent the story
* Partisan bias: reporting that favors a particular political party or ideology
* Crime and scandal coverage: emphasis on crime, scandal, and celebrity gossip
* Originated in the late 19th century: associated with William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer
* Contributed to the Spanish-American War: through exaggerated coverage of events leading up to the war
* Criticized for unethical practices: including invasion of privacy and fabrication of stories
* Still exists today: in the form of tabloid journalism and some cable news networks.

Spanish-American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

* Date: 1898
* Cause: Sinking of the USS Maine
* Participants: United States vs. Spain
* Outcome: United States victory
* Territories gained by the United States: Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines
* Significance: Established the United States as a world power and marked the end of Spanish colonial rule in the Americas.

USS Maine

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* **Date of sinking:** February 15, 1898
* **Location of sinking:** Havana Harbor, Cuba
* **Cause of sinking:** Unknown, but widely believed to be an external explosion
* **Death toll:** 266 American sailors died in the sinking
* **Immediate impact:** Sparked the Spanish-American War
* **Legacy:** The sinking of the USS Maine remains a controversial event in American history, with ongoing debates about the cause of the explosion.

Philippine-American War

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* **Date:** 1899-1902
* **Cause:** Dispute over Philippine independence after Spanish-American War
* **Opposing sides:** United States vs. Philippine revolutionaries
* **Key battles:** Battle of Manila, Battle of Tirad Pass, Battle of Bud Bagsak
* **Tactics used:** Guerrilla warfare, scorched earth tactics
* **Outcome:** US victory, Philippines becomes US territory until 1946
* **Casualties:** Estimated 200,000 Filipino civilians and combatants killed, 4,200 US soldiers killed.

Annexation of Hawaii

U.S. wanted Hawaii for business and so Hawaiian sugar could be sold in the U.S. duty free, Queen Liliuokalani opposed so Sanford B. Dole overthrew her in 1893, William McKinley convinced Congress to annex Hawaii in 1898

* Date: 1898
* President: William McKinley
* Reason: Economic interests and strategic location
* Opposition: Native Hawaiians and anti-imperialists
* Process: Annexation treaty approved by US Congress
* Result: Hawaii became a US territory

Trust Busting

government activities seeking to dissolve corporate trusts and monopolies (especially under the United States antitrust laws)

* Sherman Antitrust Act: Passed in 1890, first federal law to prohibit monopolies and promote competition
* Standard Oil: John D. Rockefeller's oil company, broken up by Supreme Court in 1911
* Northern Securities Company: Railroad monopoly broken up by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904
* Clayton Antitrust Act: Passed in 1914, strengthened Sherman Antitrust Act and prohibited certain business practices
* Trust: A group of companies that work together to eliminate competition and control prices
* Monopoly: A single company that controls an entire industry or market
* Antitrust: Laws and regulations designed to promote competition and prevent monopolies.

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom.

* Jane Addams was a social reformer and activist in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
* She co-founded Hull House, a settlement house in Chicago that provided social and educational services to immigrants and the poor.
* Addams was a leader in the women's suffrage movement and an advocate for peace and disarmament.
* She was the first woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 for her work in promoting international peace and understanding.

Muckrakers

Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public

* U.S. journalists who exposed corruption and social injustices in the early 20th century
* Coined by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1906
* Investigative reporting led to reforms in areas such as child labor, food safety, and political corruption
* Famous muckrakers include Upton Sinclair, Ida Tarbell, and Lincoln Steffens
* Their work paved the way for modern investigative journalism and the watchdog role of the press.

Upton Sinclair

muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

* **Name:** Upton Sinclair
* **Occupation:** American writer and political activist
* **Famous Work:** "The Jungle" (1906)
* **Genre:** Muckraking journalism, social criticism, political fiction
* **Political Views:** Socialist, ran for office as a Democrat
* **Impact:** "The Jungle" led to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act in 1906. Sinclair's work also influenced the creation of the modern American welfare state.

Jacob Riis

A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.

Tenements

Poorly built, overcrowded housing where many immigrants lived

Settlement Houses

institutions that provided educational and social services to poor people

Teddy Roosevelt

26th President, from 1901-1909, passed two acts that purified meat, took over in 1901 when McKinley was shot, Went after trusts, formed the "Bull Moose Party", wanted to build the Panama canal, and make our Navy ( military stronger )

William Taft

27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Election of 1912

Presidential campaign involving Taft, T. Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson. Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote, enabling Wilson to win

Melting Pot Theory

American culture is a blend of many different cultures

US Neutrality

Woodrow Wilson attempted to find a diplomatic solution to the war, and to keep the US neutral. The US did trade with allied forces, until unrestricted submarine warfare

The Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

A policy that the Germans announced on January 1917 which stated that their submarines would sink any ship in the British waters

Sussex Pledge

A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning.

Zimmerman Telegram

March 1917. Sent from German Foreign Secretary, addressed to German minister in Mexico City. Mexico should attack the US if US goes to war with Germany (needed that advantage due to Mexico's promixity to the US). In return, Germany would give back Tex, NM, Arizona etc to Mexico.

Central vs. Allied Powers

The Central Powers consist of Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire. Important allied powers are Serbia, Russia, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Belgium and the United States.

Total War

A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort

Bolshevik Revolution

The overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life.

Eugene V. Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

Espionage and Sedition Acts

two laws, enacted in 1917 and 1918, that imposed harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against U.S. participation in WWI

Schneck v. US

Free speech limited in clear and present danger

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

War Industries Board

Agency established during WWI to increase efficiency & discourage waste in war-related industries.

Propaganda

Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.

Committee on Public Information

It was headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons.

Wilson's 14 Points

President Woodrow Wilson proposed a 14-point program for world peace

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

Warren G. Harding

president who called for a return to normalcy following WWI

Calvin Coolidge

Became president when Harding died of pneumonia. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business.

"Return to Normalcy" (1920s)

President Harding's proposal to bring America back to how things were before the war.

Laissez-faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

Isolationism

A policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations

Consumerism

a movement advocating greater protection of the interests of consumers

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

Jazz Age

Name for the 1920s, because of the popularity of jazz-a new type of American music that combined African rhythms, blues, and ragtime

Flappers

Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion

Lost Generation

Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Red Scare

fear that communists were working to destroy the American way of life

Prohibition

A law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages

Bootlegger

someone who makes or sells illegal liquor

Speakeasies

Secret bars where alcohol could be purchased illegally

Scopes Trial

1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools

trickle down theory

decreased income taxes for the wealthy would promote business and therefore the whole economy

Herbert Hoover

Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community.

Immigration act of 1924

Also known as the Johnson-Reed Act. Federal law limiting the number of immigrants that could be admitted from any country to 2% of the amount of people from that country who were already living in the U.S. as of the census of 1890.

Margin Buying

paying part of the cost and borrowing the rest from brokers

Overproduction

A condition in which production of goods exceeds the demand for them

Election of 1928

Herbert Hoover/republican ("A Chicken in Every Pot") vs. Al Smith/democrat (first catholic to run for president) -\> Hoover Wins

Black Tuesday (October 29, 1929)

stock market crashed, led to panic of 1929

Rugged Individualism

Herbert Hoover's belief that people must be self-reliant and not depend upon the federal government for assistance.

Hoovervilles

Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

One of Herbert Hoover's earliest efforts to protect the nation's farmers following the onset of the Great Depression. Tariff raised rates to an all-time high.

The Bonus Army

Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their goverment war bonuses in cash

Keynesian economics

Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Fireside Chats

informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people

Relief, Recovery, Reform

Three components of the New Deal. The first "R" was the effort to help the one-third of the population that was hardest hit by the depression, & included social security and unemployment insurance. The second "R" was the effort in numerous programs to restore the economy to normal health, achieved by 1937. Finally, the third "R" let government intervention stabilize the economy by balancing the interests of farmers, business and labor. There was no major anti-trust program.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

the government agency that insures customer deposits if a bank fails

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

monitors the stock market and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bonds

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

New Deal program that hired unemployed men to work on natural conservation projects

Second New Deal

(1935) a new set of programs in the spring of 1935 including additional banking reforms, new tax laws, new relief programs

Work Progress Administration (WPA)

Massive work relief program funded projects ranging from construction to acting

Court Packing

Where FDR tried to add more members to the Supreme Court to pass his programs.

Social Security Act

(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

Franklin D. Roosevelt

32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII

Totalitarianism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Communism vs. Fascism

communism is a system based around a theory of economic equality and advocates for a classless society, fascism is a nationalistic, top-down system with rigid class roles that is ruled by an all-powerful dictator.

Appeasement

Accepting demands in order to avoid conflict

Neautrality Acts

Legislation passed between 1935 and 1937 in the US that stated its wish to stay neutral in future wars

Pearl Harbor

Base in hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which eagered America to enter the war.

War Production Board

During WWII, FDR established it to allocated scarce materials, limited or stopped the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among competing manufacturers

Four Freedoms Speech

A speech by FDR that outlined the four principles of freedom (speech, religion, from want, and from fear) This helped inspire Americans into patriotism.

Japanese Internment

Japanese and Japanese Americans from the West Coast of the United States during WWII. While approximately 10,000 were able to relocate to other parts of the country of their own choosing, the remainder-roughly 110,000 me, women and children-were sent to hastly constructed camps called "War Relocation Centers" in remote portions of the nation's interior.

Holocaust/Final Solution

was Nazi Germany's plan during WWII to annihilate the Jewish people, the Holocaust- the destruction of Jewish communities in continental Europe. Massacres of about 1 million Jews.

Nuremberg Laws

1935 laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood.

D-Day

Allied invasion of France on June 6, 1944

Harry Truman

33rd President of the United States. Led the U.S. to victory in WWII making the ultimate decision to use atomic weapons for the first time. Shaped U.S. foreign policy regarding the Soviet Union after the war.

Manhattan Project

A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Two Japanese cities on which the U.S. dropped the atomic bombs to end World War II.

Yalta Conference

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

Capitalism vs. Socialism

Capitalism promoted an economy that was governed and run by the people. Socialism promoted an economy own and run by the government

Democracy vs. Communism

Economy:
-Democracy: respected an individuals right to own property & means of production
- Communism: government controls land ownership as a way of eliminating economic inequality.

Politics:
-Democracy: government run based on voting for leaders
-Communism: stateless/classless and governed completely by the people

Joseph Stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition