full life processes

Cell

Smallest structural unit of an organism

Cell membrane

Surrounds the entire cell and decides what can get in or out of the cell

Cytoplasm

Responsible for suspending the organelles of the cell, as well as providing the necessary nutrients to the cell

Nucleus

The control centre of the cell. Contains genetic information, DNA

Mitochondria

Where cellular respiration takes place. They have inner and outer membranes which fulfill different roles in respiration

Chloroplasts

Where photosynthesis takes place. They have inner and outer membranes which fulfill different roles in photosynthesis.

Enzyme

A protein that allows a biological reaction to occur, without being used in in the reavtion itself

Factors affecting enzyme activity

Optimum temperature and pH of an enzyme define the conditions that the enzyme works more efficiently at. Different enzymes often have different optimum conditions

Temperature

Denaturing refers to what happens when an enzyme js in an environment that destabilized the enzyme. The bonds holding the enzyme together begin to break down, which means the enzyme can no longer hold it’s structure

Enzyme inhibitors

Compete with the substrates for the active site of the enzyme

Passive transport - diffusion

Involves particles moving from an area where they are in huh conc to an area where they are in low conc, without the expenditure of energy

Osmosis

The passive transport of water through a semi permeable membrane from a high concentration to a lower concentration gradient

Facilitated diffusion

Involves the use of specific channels and proteins to enable proteins to move from an area where they are in high conc to an area where they are in low conc, without the expenditure of energy

Active transport

Refers to the movement of a substance from a low conc gradient to a higher conc gradient. Thus us done by expending energy (ATP)

Photosynthesis

The process of using light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose for the plant to use as fuel to carry out it’s life processes

Photosynthesis equation

Water +Carbon Dioxide > Glucose+ Oxygen

Aerobic respiration

Process of reacting glucose with oxygen to produce ATP as energy for the cell, to enable it to carry out urs life processes

Aerobic respiration equation

Glucose + Oxygen > ATP +Water + Carbon + Dioxide

Anaerobic respiration

Process which occurs when there is a limited amount of oxygen available within a cell. It produces a small amount of ATP, as well as various by-products

DNA Replication

Involves a cell copying all of the genetic material within it to create two identical copies. This is necessary for other life processes such as mitosis to occur

Mitosis

Involves a cell replicating itself to produce two identical cells. This process is used when additional cells need to be created for an organ to grow, or for a repair to be made in the body. Mitosis is for growth and repair of cells

Light dependent phase

The first stage of photosynthesis (the splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen)

Light independent pahse

The second stage of photosynthesis (the production of glucosebfrom hydrogen and carbon dioxide)