EXAM 3 CIRCULATION

Arterial Circulation Closed or Open system?

Closed

Percent of Blood in the CVS?

Heart-

Arterioles/Capillaries-

Artries-

Veins-

Pulmonary circulation-

Heart-7%

Arterioles/Capillaries- 7%

Arteries- 13%

Veins-64%

pulmonary circulation- 9%

What is the inside layer of arteries and veins

Tunica Intima (Tunica Interna)

Middle layer of the arteries and veins?

Tunica Media (Tunica Muscularis)

What is the external layer of the arteries and veins?

Tunica Externa

Which layer is smooth muscles, elastic tissues, and collagen

Tunica Media

Which layer is endothelium of the blood vessels and loose connective tissue?

Tunica Intima

Which layer is connective fibrous tissue?

Tunica Externa

What does tunica externa sometimes connect to?

small nerves

Large diameter, thin walls- Arteries or Veins?

Veins

small diameter, thick walls- Arteries or veins?

Arteries

Function of large arteries

• conduit blood

• high pressure reservoir

What is systolic pressure?

120 bpm

What is diastolic pressure?

80bpm

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) Equation

MAP= CO x R

Mean Arterial Pressure = Cardiac Output x Resistance

Review equations slide 5 on Notes

Where is all energy of the heart lost?

Arterial System

Aorta Cross Section area in circulation (cm²)

2.5 cm²

Small Arteries Cross Section area in circulation (cm²)

20 cm²

Arterioles Cross Section area in circulation (cm²)

40 cm²

Capillaries Cross Section area in circulation (cm²)

2500 cm²

Venules Cross Section area in circulation (cm²)

250 cm²

Small veins Cross Section area in circulation (cm²)

80 cm²

Venae cavae Cross Section area in circulation (cm²)

8 cm²

Average pressure in circulation - Aorta

100 mmHg

Average pressure in circulation - Large arteries

97 mmHg

Average pressure in circulation - Small Arteries

87 mmHg

Average pressure in circulation - beginning of arterioles

85 mmHg

Average pressure in circulation - End of arterioles

30 mmHg

Average pressure in circulation - Capillary (arterial end)

30 mmHg

Average pressure in circulation - Capillary (venous end)

10 mmHg

Average pressure in circulation - Venules

10 mmHg

Where is resistance in circulation?

Beginning of arterioles

Where is the greatest resistance?

Arteriola

What has effect in the arteriola

• Hormones

• ANS

• Drugs

Review Ohm’s Law slide (12-13) on notes

Increase in plasma protein= _____ Hematocrit _____ viscosity

Increase in plasma protein= increase in Hematocrit & increase in Viscosity

Hematocrit is also

RBC

Viscosity of Water=

Viscosity of Plasma Proteins=

Viscosity of blood=

Viscosity of Water= 1

Viscosity of Plasma Proteins= 1.8

Viscosity of blood= 3-5

Blood viscosity is determined by ______

hematocrit

Hematocrit is the ratio of _______ volume to the ______

Hematocrit is the ratio of red blood cells volume to the total blood vlume

Higher hematocrit=_____ velocity

increase in viscosity

Viscosity of blood may change from ____(#) to _____

3 to 5

Review Poiseuille’s Law Equation (Slide 16)

According to Poiseuille’s Law, these three major functions affect blood flow

• Radius

• Viscosity

• length

Radius of the blood vessel is in the power of ____

four

TRUE OR FALSE Small changes to the radius may significantly affect the resistance to the blood flow

TRUE

The length of the blood vessels change only during individual ____ growth

The length of the blood vessels change only during individual Vasculature growth

Under normal physiological conditions length is ____

constant

smooth tubes- Laminar or Turbulent flow?

laminar flow

high velocity of flow- Laminar or turbulent flow?

Turbulent flow

Rough tubes- Laminar or turbulent flow?

Turbulent flow?

greatest flow in the center of the tube- laminar or turbulent flow?

Laminar

low rates of flow- Laminar or turbulent flow?

laminar

flows through bends, narrowing, and orifices - Laminar or Turbulent flow?

Turbulent

Close to zero near the vessel wall- Laminar or turbulent flow

laminar

Flow directly proportional to pressure (linear relationship) - laminar or turbulent flow

laminar

flow- pressure relationship (nonlinear relationship)

turbulent

Angle of flow in laminar flow

less than 25 degrees

Is resistance to flow higher during laminar or turbulent flow?

Turbulent

TRUE OR FALSE Turbulent flow activates platelets

TRUE

angle of flow is greater than 25 degrees- laminar or turbulent flow

turbulent flow

If you have turbulent flow you have ____ of platelets

If you have turbulent flow you have activation of platelets

review Reynolds number slide 22 notes

what indicates conditions when flow changes from laminar to turbulent

Reynolds number

Reynolds number is directly proportional to _____,______, and _____

Reynolds number is directly proportional to fluid VELOCITY, fluid density, and tube diameter

Reynolds number is indirectly proportional to_____

fluid VISCOSITY

If Reynolds number is less than 2,000 than flow is_____

Laminar

if Reynolds number is 2000-3000 than flow is ______

unstable (laminar/turbulent)

If Reynolds number is more than 3,000 than, flow is_____

turbulent

Turbulence is responsible for sounds of heart TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

Turbulence can measured by

• detected in Blood pressure measurements

Mummers of the heart can detect turbulence flow TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE Turbulent flow can be a predisposition factor for thrombi formation

TRUE

Opening and closing of Aortic and Mitral valve is an example of

Turbulent flow

Why do you hear nothing when you first measure BP?

due to laminar flow

Increase in radius causes _____ in wall tension

increase in radius causes increase in wall tension

Implications due to Laplace’s Law

Arterioles develop a ______ wall tension despite relatively high_____

Implications due to Laplace’s Law

Arterioles develop a smaller wall tension despite relatively high intravascular pressure

Arterioles developing a smaller wall tension due to Laplace’s Law causes vasoconstriction of the arteriole to do _____ work, than of larger vessels

causes vasoconstriction of the arteriole to does LESS work than of larger vessels

Aortic aneurism causes _____ in radius and a _____ in wall tension

Aortic aneurism causes an increase in radius and an increase in wall tension

Aorta

Radius=

Pressure=

Tension=

Aorta

Radius = 10^-2 m

Pressure= 100 mmHg

Tension= 1 (abstract units)

Capillary

Pressure=

Radius=

Tension=

Capillary

Pressure = 25 mmHg

Radius = 4×10^-6 m

Tension = 1×10^-4 (abstract units)

Compliance equation

C= v/p

Volume/pressure

Look at drawing in notes

TRUE or FALSE Veins are thin walled vessels

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE Veins contain small amount of blood

FALSE

Veins contain large volume of blood (2/3 of circulating blood volume)

Venous pressure=

0-10 mmHg (this is very low)

Venous valves provide _____ blood flow

Venous valves provide unidirectional blood flow

Main factors affecting vein function

1. Right atrial pressure (central venous pressure)

2. respiratory pump

3. Skeletal muscle pump (Venous pump)

4. Venous valves

Secondary Factors Affecting Vein Function

-Tissue compression

-High right atrial pressure

-Abdominal pressure

Pressure standing up=

Pressure laying down=

Pressure standing up= 100 mm Hg

Pressure laying down = 0 mmHg

Specific Body Reservoirs

• Spleen

• Liver

• Large abdominal veins

• venous plexus beneath the skin

• heart

• lungs

RBC can get into circulation by the____

spleen

RBC ejected from spleen to

circulation

How much red pulp is concentrated in RBC

50mL

Spleen contains _____ and ____

Spleen Contains venous sinuses and red pulp

Microcirculation is where ____ leave system and have effect

Microcirculation is where drugs leave system and have effect

Organization of Microcirculation

Artery→ ______→ pre capillaries→_______ →_______→ ______→ Vein

Organization of Microcirculation

Artery → Arteriole → Pre capillaries → capillaries → post capillaries → venule → vein

What are the 3 types of Capillaries

1. Continuous

2. Fenestrated

3. Sinusoids

Diameter of capillaries

5 micrometer

Diffusion according to Fick’s Law