Pig Dissection Part 2: Urogenital and Endocrine Systems

What is the reproductive system responsible for?

producing gametes that fuse together with the opposite sex

What is the male gamete? female?

sperm, egg

Reproductive organs are also responsible for the __________ being produced for development

hormones

In the male reproductive system, the scrotum houses the what?

the testes

Where is sperm produced?

the testes

For the testes, what is important for sperm production?

temperature, the testes need to be cooler (2C cooler in humans)

When the testes are too cold, the ____________ Muscles retract the testes closer to the body to be warmer

Cremaster

In the pig, where are the testes enclosed in?

Cremasteric Pouches

The creamasteric pouches are cranially connected to what?

the spermatic cord

What does the spermatic cord contain?

vas deferens, spermatic artery and vein, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

What is coiled to the side of each teste?

epididiymis

Within the testes, sperm production is within the what? And is stored where?

seminiferous tubules, epididymis

Upon ejaculation, the sperm leave the epididymis, into the what? and then towards the what?

vas deferens, urethra

Sperm are highly what to fight the high acidity of the vagina. What two glands produce the alkaline secretions?

alkaline, bulbourethral glands and preputial gland

What do the seminal vesicles do?

secrete a viscous fluid to keep the sperm from drying out

Where are the seminal vesicles located?

the junction of the Vas Deferens and the Urethra

What viscous fluid that the seminal vesicles secrete contains what for what?

Fructose for energy and hormones to promote sperm motility in the female

In the female reproductive system, Ovaries are _________, and located caudal to the ___________

paired, kidneys

What is the oviduct?

coiled "communications" to each ovary, carries oocytes (eggs) during ovulation

The oviducts have no __________ connection; use "finger-like" projections to sweep eggs into the oviduct

physical

Where does fertilization occur? Implantation?

in the upper third of the oviduct, further in the uterus

In PIGS, in the female reproductive system, the uterus is divided into what? what occurs here?

uterine horns, embryonic development of the fetus occurs

In PIGS, in the female reproductive system, the what is where the Uterine Horns converge on the cervix

Uterine Body

In HUMANS, in the female reproductive system, the uterine horn is ___________ and the zygote implants and develop in the __________ of the Uterus

reduced, body

The Cervix is a construction of what type of tissue?

semi-cartilaginous tissue

The Vagina extends caudally from the what?

cervix

What joins the vagina?

the urethra

Both the vagina and the urethra open up to a common chamber called the what? (FOR PIGS)

Urogenital Sinus

What two systems does the Urogenital Sinus handle?

reproductive and urinary

The Urogenital Sinus opens to the outside of the body through the what?

Urogenital Opening

In the female reproductive system, humans will ________ have a single opening, they are separate, but they are in proximity of each other

NOT

In the female reproductive system, on the fetus, the what will be the finger-like projection outside the body

Genital Papilla

What is the genital papilla like in the female reproductive system? What does it send to the brain? What does it cover?

the penis, sensations, covers the urogenital opening

In pregnant female reproductive female system, the ovaries will what due to hormone sinuses? During this time scars from released what can be seen?

swollen, eggs

What is the infundibulum?

Opening of the oviduct that receives eggs from the ovary

What is the mesosalpinx?

Holds the coils of the oviduct and contains the blood vessels for the oviduct tissues

In the pregnant female reproductive system, what will grow in size to accommodate the embryos developing? What litter size does this allow pigs to have?

Uterine Horns, 14

In the pregnant female reproductive system, what is each fetus enclosed within?

Chorionic vesicle

What is the placenta? What diffuses here?

where the Chorionic Vesicle and Uterine Lining come together; food, gases, and waste

The Chorionic Vesicles are composed of 2 extra what? (pregnant female)

extra-embryonic membranes

What are the two membranes of the Chorionic Vesicles? (pregnant female)

outer membrane - Chorion, inner membrane - allantois

What does the allantois house? (pregnant female)

fetal metabolic wastes

What is the fetus encompassed by? What fills this cavity with the fetus?

Amnion, amniotic fluid

What is the excretory system responsible for?

eliminating metabolic wastes (excretion)

In the excretory system, Kidneys filter blood, removing wastes during what process?

cellular respiration

What do the renal arteries and renal veins do in the kidneys?

carry blood in/out of the kidneys

What do the nephrons (within the kidneys) do?

reabsorb water during filtration

What is concentrated in the kidneys, passing down each ureter, being stored within the urinary bladder?

urine

Can the urinary bladder expand to accommodate more what?

urine

In the fetal pig, Urinary Bladder is unusual shape due what?

allantois

Urine collected in the bladder is passed through the what, to the Allantois for storage

Allantois Stalk

Eventually the umbilical cord ____________, where urine will pass through the urethra to the urogenital opening

disintegrates

What are the three major regions of the kidneys (outside to inside)?

renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

nephron

Blood enters the nephron through a what?

afferent arteriole

The afferent arteriole in the kidney forms a capillary bed called a what?

glomerulus

Blood pressure in the glomerulus forces small soluble compounds into the what?

Bowman's Capsule

Anything that is NOT filtered by the Bowman's Capsule travels to the what, to the what?

Efferent Arteriole, Peritubular Capillaries

Anything that IS filtered by the Bowman's Capsule goes through a series of what?, to the Loop of what?, and then the to what?

Proximal Convoluted Tubules, loop of Henle, Distal Convoluted Tubules

What is the loop of Henle?

is the long extension of nephron tubules that creates a gradient to remove addition water and small molecules

What does the loop of Henle help to create?

a very concentrated urine rich in Ammonia

The endocrine is similar to the nervous system in what whay?

send messages

The endocrine is _____________, so it uses the circulatory system to send these messages

ductless

What are hormones?

are chemical compounds to produce behaviors that are neurological and physiological

Hormones last longer for than what? How long do they last?

nervous system responses; minutes, hours, days

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

regulates other endocrine glands

What are the three hormones produced by the pancreas?

insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

What is the function of the hormone insulin?

lowers blood glucose levels

What is the function of the hormone glucagon?

raises blood glucose levels

What is the function of the hormone somatostatin?

inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon

What are the two hormones released by the ovaries?

estrogen and progesterone

What is the function of the hormone estrogen?

induces maturation of oocytes and ovulation; initiates thickening of uterine lining

What is the function of the hormone progesterone?

increases thickening of uterine lining; causes negative feedback that promotes disintegration of corpus lutem

What is the hormone produced by the testes?

testosterone

What is the function of the hormone testosterone?

maintains male sexual characteristics, sperm production, and sex drive

What are the two "parts" of the hypothalamus (closely related but not a part of)?

posterior and anterior pituitary

What does the posterior pituitary release (what hormone) and what does it do?

Oxytocin (Post)- Smooth muscle contraction, allow breasts to have a milk flow (in males it allows for ejaculation)

What does the posterior pituitary also release (what hormone) and what does it do?

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)- Water retention by the kidneys (alcohol inhibits this release)

What are the three regions of the adrenal glands?

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

What does the zona glomerulosa secrete? What does it do?

aldosterone, increases sodium reabsorption by kidneys

What does the zona fasiculata secrete? What does it do?

cortisone, reduces inflammation, raises blood glucose levels

What does the zona reticularis secrete? What does this do?

androgens (testosterone), regulate sex drive

What are the three specialized hormones produced by the anterior pituitary?

luteinizing hormone, endorphins, melanocyte stimulating hormone

What is the Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - Anterior Pituitary?

Surge of hormone causes ovulation at Day 14

What are Endorphins - Anterior Pituitary?

natural pain killers (Morphine and Codeine work because they are chemically similar)

What is Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)- Anterior Pituitary?

Activated by UV radiation, causes melanin to spread out over larger areas

What are some other hormones the anterior pituitary releases?

growth hormone (elongation of bones), follicle stimulating hormone (egg/sperm development)

What are leydig/interstitial cells

located outside the tubules, produce testosterone

What is the ejaculatory duct?

duct that combine seminal vesicle and duct and vas deferens, this passes through the prostate

What are fimbriae?

finger like projections at the lateral end which create sweeping movement to draw the eggs into the oviduct

How does a copper IUD work?

prevent sperm from reaching and fertilizing the egg, and it may prevent the egg from attaching in the womb, Coper is also a spermicide

BONUS: How does oral birth control work?

estrogens (inhibit ovulation by effect the hypothalamus and suppressing the FSH and LH) and progestins (thick cervical mucus to hinder sperm, inhibits FSH and LH)

What three hormones does the thyroid release?

T3, T4, calcitonin

What does T3 and T4 do?

regulate metabolism

What does Calcitonin do?

Lowers blood calcium levels

What hormone does the parathyroid release?

parathyroid hormone (PTH), raises blood calcium levels

What does the pineal gland release? What does this do?

melatonin, regulation of circadian ryhthms

What does the thymus release? What does this do?

thymosin, development of lymphocytes