Biology and Behavior Chapter 1 Part 1

Afferent Neurons

ascend to cord toward brain, sensory receptors to the central nervous system, transmitting sensory information.

Efferent Neuron

Exit cord to body,

Sensory Neurons are ___ neurons

afferent

Motor neurons are _____ neurons

efferent

______ neurons are found in between other neurons

interneurons

How many cranial nerves?

12

How many spinal nerves?

31

PNS is divide into the ___ and ____

somatic and autonomic

Somatic NS consists of_____ and______ neurons

sensory and motor

Autonomic NS regulates ____, ——, AND ______

hr, respiration and glandular secretions

The ANS has 2 subdivisions of ___ and ____

sympathetic and parasympathetic

What is the neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic NS?

Acheltylcholine

What two parts of the brain form the brainstem?

hindbrain and midbrain

Limbic system in the forebrain does

emotions and memories

What does the cerebral cortex do?

language processing, problem solving, and higher cognitive functions.

The cerebral cortex does?

complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavior

Basal ganglia function?

movement

limbic system function?

emotion and memory

Thalamus function?

sensory relay station

Hypothalamus function?

hunger and thirst, emotions

Inferior and superior colliculli function?

sensorimotor reflexes

Cerebellum function?

refined motor movements

Medulla oblongata function?

heart, vital reflexes (vomiting and coughing)

Reticular Formation function?

arousal and alertness

pons function?

communication within brain and breathing

The ____ manages functions necessary for survival

hindbrain

The ____ receives information from the rest of the body and filters sensory and motor information

midbrain

The ____ has largest application on human behavior for emotion and memory

forebrain

Functions of hypothalamus?

Feeding, fighting, flighting and fucking

When the ____ ____ is removed, no desire for food or water

lateral hypothalamus

This region of hypothalamus helps to determine satiety

ventromedial hypothalamus

This region of hypothalamus controls sexual desire

Anterior hypothalamus

Posterior pituitary releases____ and ____

vasopression/ADH and oxytocin

The pineal gland secretes ____

melatonin

The ___ ___ coordinate muscle movement and receive information from the cortex to send to brain

basal gangliabasal

The ___ ___ is one of the primary pleasure centers in teh brain

septal nuclei

The ___ plays a role in defensive and aggressive behaviors as well as sexual or dociel states

amygdala

The ____ plays a vital role in learning and memory processes by forming long term memories

hippocampus

Anterograde amnesia means you can not

form new long term memories

The ___ ___ ___ regulates impulse control and decision making.

anterior cingulate cortex

What are the four lobes of the brain?

F-POT

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal

Frontal Lobe

executive function

Parietal lobe

touch, temperature, and pain

occipital lobe

vision

temporal lobe

hearing

Frontal lobe is mode of two basic regions

prefrontal cortex and motor cortex

The ___ ___ manages executive function by managing operations of other regions

prefrontal cortex

Broca’s area determines what?

speech production

The postcentral gyrus does what?

somatosensory information processing

The ____ lobe contains visual cortex or striate cortex

occipital

The temporal lobe contains the ____ ___ and ___ ___

auditory cortex and Wernicke’s area

The ____ ___ is where sound processing, including speech, music, and other sound information

auditory cortex

the ___ _____ is associated with language reception and comphrension

wernicke’s area

The ___ ____ connects two cerebral hemispheres

corpus callosum

Dominant hemisphere

left hemisphere, analytical and language production

Nondominat hemisphere

right side, intuition, creativity, and music cognition, and spatial processing

In PNS, ____ used transmit nerve impulses to muscles

acetylcholine

In CNS, ___ linkde to attention and arousal

acetylcholine

List three catecholamines

dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine

ACh is excitatory for _____ and inhibitory for ____

skeletal muscle and cardaic muscle

High levels of dopamine for found in the ___ ___

basal ganglia

Too much dopamine or increased sensitivity to it increases the positive symptoms of _____

schizophrenia

____ disease is associated iwth a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia

parkinson’s

Antipsychotic meds are schizophrenia are dopamine ___ and cause motor disfunction

inhibitors

Serotonin plays a role in ___ and ___

depression and mania

the NT ___ produces inhibitory postsynpatic potentials

GABA

Where does GABA bind?

postsynapse

GABA causes ____ of the postsynaptic membrane

hyperpolarization

Glycine is inhibitory in the ____ by hyperpolarizing the cell with too much Cl-

CNS

In the CNS, ____ is excitatory

glutamate

What are examples of peptide NT or neuromodulators?

endorphins

The anterior pituitary produces its own ______ and relases it other endocrine glands in teh body

hormones

The ___ ___ makes epi and norepi

andrenal medulla

The ___ ___ makes corticosteroids like cortisol, testerosterone, and estrogen

adrenal cortex

Monozygotic

identical twins

Dizygotic

fraternal twins