Chapter 2 - Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

Joseph Priestly

________ was found to support vigorous combustion and was thus supposed to be low in phlogiston 2.2 Fundamental Chemical Laws.

Nonmetals

________ lack the physical properties that characterize the metals.

Dalton

________ prepared the first table of atomic masses which were incorrect assumptions, but was an important step forward.

Structural formulas

________ may or may not indicate the actual shape of the molecule.

Prefixes

________ are used to denote the numbers of atoms present.

French Revolution

When the ________ broke out, Lavoisier had been executed on the guillotine as an enemy of the people in 1794.

Greeks

The ________ were the first to try to explain why chemical changes occur.

Periodic table

The ________ shows all the known elements and gives a good deal of information about each.

Chemical reactions

________ involve reorganization of the atoms.

Oxyanions

________: Several series of anions contain an atom of a given element and different numbers of oxygen atoms.

Isotopes

________ show almost identical chemical properties and most elements in nature contain ________.

Georg Bauer

The foundations of modern chemistry were laid in the sixteenth century with the development of systematic metallurgy by ________.

atoms

Each element is made up of tiny particles called ________.

Chlorine

________ is a typical nonmetal.

Metals

________ have characteristic physical properties such as efficient conduction of heat and electricity, malleability, and ductility.

Chemistry

________ was dominated by scientists who followed Lavoisier lead by weighed experiments to study the course of chemical reactions and determine the composition of chemical compounds 2.3 Daltons Atomic Theory.

Chemical compounds

________ are formed when atoms of different elements combine with each other.

binary ionic compounds

In the ________, the metal presents forms only a single type of cation.

number of electrons

The ________ possessed by a given atom affects its ability to interact with other atoms.

chemist

The first ________ to perform truly quantitative experiments were Robert Boyle.

eighteenth century

The gases carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen have been discovered in the ________.

Binary covalent compounds

________ are formed between two nonmetals.

Molecules

________ can be represented in several different ways.

Antoine Lavoisier

________ weighed the reactants and products of various reactions, in which he suggested that mass is neither created nor destroyed.

monatomic anion

A(n) ________ is named by taking the root of the element name and adding- ide.

Thomson

________ found that when high voltage was applied to the tube, a ray he called cathode ray, was produced.

Avogadro's hypothesis

________: At the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of different gases contain the same number of particles.

group of atoms

An ion is an atom or ________.

phenomenon of combustion

The ________ evoked intense interest in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

Nonmetals

________ often bond with each other by forming covalent bonds.

prefix

The ________ mono- is never used for naming the first element.

Metals

________ tend to lose electrons to form positive ions.

Prefixes

________ to indicate the number of atoms are used only in type 3 binary compounds.