Angiosperms produce seeds in fruits

95%

What percentage of plants are angiosperms?

angiosperms

phylum Magnoliophyta

1. flowering plants

Jurrasic period 144 mya

What period and how many years ago did angiosperms appear?

endicots and monocots

What are the two largest clades of Angiosperms?

1. where most angiosperms fit into

   1. 97% of them

endicots

have 2 different cotyledons

1. 2/3 of all angiosperm species

2. pollen grains feature three or more pores

3. ex. roses, daisies, sunflowers, oacks, tomatoes and beans

monocots

named for their single cotyledon

1. 70,000 species

2. ex. orchids, lillies, grasses, bananas, ginger, lawn plants, sugar cane and grains (rice, wheat and corn)

cotyledon

first leaf structures to arise in the embryo

basal angiosperms

(this is an informal name)

1. 3% of flowering plants

2. lineages that diverged from ancestral plants before endicots sand monocots evolved

3. ex. magnolias, nutmeg, avocados, black pepper, water lillies, and star anise

flowers and fruits

What two things are unique to angiosperms?

flowers

What are the reproductive organs of angiosperms?

ovules

develop into seeds inside the flower’s ovary

fruit

What is the ovary of an angiosperm?

1. this helps to protect and disperse the seeds

double fertilization

two sperm nuclei enter the female gametophyte

1. one sperm nucleus fertilizes the egg, producing the zygote that will develop into the embryo

2. the other sperm nucleus fertilizes a pair of nuclei in the female gametophyte’s central cell

3. The result = triploid nucleus (develops into the endosperm, a tissue that supplies nutrients to the germinating seedling)

seed

embryo+endosperm+seed coat=

1. one or more seeds develop in a fruit

endosperm

supploes nutrients until the young plant begins photosynthesis

1. therefore tissue, energy rich starhhch,, or oily

2. ex. coconuts, castor seeds

3. also contains proteins

   1. ex. gluten produced in grains (can cause celiac disease)

Wind and animals

What are the two main transport methods in angiosperm reproduction?

wind pollination

relatively infeefficient, likely won’t fo to flower of the same species

1. plants pollinated by wind produce abundant pollen in flowers that are plain and easily overlooked

2. ex. grasses, maples, some cattails

animal couriers

for a limited number of plant species, however more effiicient

1. pollen/seeds on animals that were looking for food

2. plants invest in huge petals, bright colors, alluring scents, nectar

coevolution

a genetic change in one species selects for subsequent change in another species

1. pollinators and angiosperms cannot live/reproduce without each other