BIO 208 CH 5 TISSUES

What are the four primary tissue types?

Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, and Muscular tissue.

What is histology?

The study of tissues and how they are arranged into organs.

What defines a tissue?

A group of similar cells and their products working together to perform a specific function.

What is the matrix (extracellular material) made of?

Fibrous proteins (collagen, reticular, elastic fibers) and ground substance (tissue fluid/interstitial fluid).

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

Closely packed cells, minimal matrix, avascular, high mitosis rate, covers/lines body surfaces.

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

Protection, selective permeability, sensation, and secretion.

What nourishes epithelial tissue?

Underlying connective tissue via diffusion.

What is the basement membrane?

A layer that anchors epithelium to connective tissue; site of cell division.

What is the basal surface?

The side of epithelial cells facing the basement membrane.

What is the apical surface?

The side facing away from the basement membrane; may have cilia or microvilli.

What does "simple" mean in epithelial classification?

One layer of cells.

What does "stratified" mean?

More than one layer of cells.

What does "pseudostratified" mean?

Appears layered, but every cell touches the basement membrane.

What is transitional epithelium and where is it found?

Changes shape with stretch; found in bladder, ureters, urethra.

What is the shape of squamous cells?

Flat, irregular ("fried egg" shape).

What is the shape of cuboidal cells?

Cube or spherical; as tall as wide.

What is the shape of columnar cells?

Tall and thin; column-shaped.

Where is simple squamous epithelium found?

Alveoli (lungs), glomeruli (kidneys), endothelium (blood vessels).

Function of simple squamous epithelium?

Rapid diffusion and transport.

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?

Liver, thyroid, glands, bronchioles, kidney tubules.

Function of simple cuboidal epithelium?

Absorption, secretion, mucus movement.

Where is simple columnar epithelium found?

Lining of GI tract, uterus, uterine tubes, kidneys.

Function of simple columnar epithelium?

Absorption and secretion of mucus.

What is the most widespread epithelium?

Stratified squamous epithelium.

What are the two types of stratified squamous epithelium?

Keratinized and nonkeratinized.

Function of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

Resists abrasion, water loss, and pathogens.

Location of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

Skin (epidermis), especially palms and soles.

Function of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

Resists abrasion and pathogens in moist areas.

Location of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

Mouth, tongue, esophagus, vagina.

Function and location of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

Secretes sweat, produces sperm/ovarian hormones; found in sweat glands, testes, ovarian follicles.

What are general functions of connective tissue?

Support, protection, binding, storage, transport, immunity.

What makes up connective tissue?

Cells + extracellular matrix (fibers + ground substance).

What are the main protein fibers in connective tissue?

Collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers.

What is ground substance?

Noncellular component of ECM; may be liquid, semisolid, or solid.

What are fibroblasts?

Cells that produce fibers and ground substance.

What are adipocytes?

Fat cells that store energy and cushion organs.

What are macrophages?

White blood cells that engulf pathogens/dead cells and activate immunity.

What are chondrocytes?

Cartilage cells located in lacunae.

What are osteocytes?

Bone cells.

What are the six types of connective tissue to know?

Areolar, adipose, dense regular, dense irregular, cartilage, and blood.

Describe areolar tissue.

Loosely arranged fibers, many blood vessels, underlies epithelia.

Describe adipose tissue.

Fat tissue, energy storage, cushioning, nucleus at cell edge.

Describe dense regular connective tissue.

Parallel collagen fibers, few blood vessels, forms tendons/ligaments.

Describe dense irregular connective tissue.

Collagen in random directions, resists multidirectional stress, found in dermis.

Describe cartilage.

Firm, semi-solid ECM with chondrocytes in lacunae, avascular.

What are the three types of cartilage?

Hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic.

Function and location of hyaline cartilage?

Flexible support; articular surfaces, nose, fetal skeleton, larynx, growth plates.

Function and location of fibrocartilage?

Shock absorption; intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, knee menisci.

Function and location of elastic cartilage?

Flexible and springy; ear and epiglottis.

What is the ECM of blood called?

Plasma.

What does blood contain?

RBCs, WBCs, platelets, plasma proteins.

Function of red blood cells?

Transport oxygen.

Function of white blood cells?

Fight infection.

Function of platelets?

Blood clotting.

Function of plasma?

Transport nutrients, wastes, hormones.

What is Marfan syndrome?

Defective fibrillin; tall, long limbs, weak connective tissue, aortic risk.

What is Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?

Defective collagen; hyperflexible joints, organ rupture risk.

What is osteogenesis imperfecta?

Abnormal bone collagen; brittle bones and frequent fractures.