How many people possess Staphylococcus in their nose?
30%
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What is MRSA?
methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
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What is bad about MRSA?
it is incredibly resistant to most antibiotics used to treat staph
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What is HA-MRSA?
health-care associated MRSA
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Where is MRSA usually spread?
through invasive procedures and from healthcare workers not washing their hands before touching patients
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Why is MSA good for isolating skin bacteria?
it creates an ideal environment that mimics the skin and it allows us to differentiate between pathogenic (yellow plate, ferments mannitol) and red plate (cannot ferment mannitol)
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How is the respiratory tract divided?
Upper and lower respiratory tract
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What is included in the upper respiratory tract?
nose, nasal cavity, and throat
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What is included in the lower respiratory tract?
larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
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What are common bacteria found in the throat?
Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Neisseria, and Haemophilus
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Which part of the respiratory system is sterile?
Lower respiratory tract because of cilia escalator constantly pushing up mucus
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What is the most widely found bacteria in throat cultures?
Streptococcus
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How do we tell between pathogenic and nonpathogenic streptococcus?
testing hemolytic reactions on sheep blood agar
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What is sheep blood agar made of?
defibrinated sheep blood and NaCl
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What is alpha-hemolysis and what colonies will we see?
partial destruction of blood cells caused by hydrogen peroxide
green cloud around colony
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What is beta-hemolysis and what colonies will we see?
complete destruction of blood cells
clearing around the colony
pathogenic organism
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What is gamma-hemolysis and what colonies will we see?
blood cells left in tact
no visible change in colony
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How do we incubate blood agar?
in a candle jar to create a microaerophilic environment
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What is an issue with yeast?
while it is normally present, it can grow out of control and cause infection
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How do we observe yeast morphology?
With a simple stain
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How do we grow yeast?
We use sabouraud dextrose agar to select for yeast and molds
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What is urine?
liquid waste produced by the kidneys, collected in the bladder, and excreted through the urethra
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What does transparent/ pale yellow urine mean?
normal
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What does clear urine mean?
overhydrated
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What does dark yellow urine mean?
dehydration
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What does dark orange/brown urine mean?
jaundice
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What does pink urine mean?
too many beets
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What does green urine mean?
ate asparagus
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What does blue urine mean?
ingested methylene blue
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What does black urine mean?
melanuria
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Is the upper urinary tract sterile?
yes
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Is the lower urinary tract sterile?
no
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What are the normal microbiota in the lower urinary tract?
mostly gram positive
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Are men or women more likely to get a UTI?
women are 30 times more likely
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What indicates a UTI?
more than 1000 bacterium from the same species or more than 100 coliforms
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How do we prevent UTIs?
hydration, cranberries, vitamin C, and probiotics
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How many people did research indicate wash their hands after using public restrooms?
67%
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Why should you close your lid when you flush?
Bioaerosols are released
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Is MacConkey agar differential or selective?
selective for gram negative, differential for coliforms
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How much bacteria is in the large intestine?
10^11 bacteria/ gram of feces
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How much of your immune system is influenced by the gut microbiome?
70%
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What is a probiotic?
contain live microorganisms, like lactobacillus
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What is a prebiotic?
do not contain microorganisms but help feed what is already in the gut
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What is good about the appendix?
creates a safehouse for bacteria that can help replenish gut microbiome
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What is not good about the appendix?
when it ruptures, the bacteria there could get in other parts of the body and cause severe issues
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What kind of bacteria are in the large intestine?
anaerobes and facultative anaerobes
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What is the cause of most GI disease?
ingestion of contaminated food or water
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Is tomato juice agar selective or differential?
enrichment agar, selective for lactobacillus
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How do we incubate tomato juice agar?
in a CO2 jar to create an anaerobic environment
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What indicator does TSI slant use?
phenol red
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What are the possible results from the TSI slant?
yellow from production of acid, motility of bacteria to the bottom if anaerobic, production of black precipitate from production of hydrogen sulfide, and release of hydrogen gas
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What is epidemiology?
Science that deals with when and where diseases occur and how they \n are transmitted in the human population
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What are communicable diseases?
diseases spread directly or indirectly from one host to another
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What are noncommunicable diseases?
diseases that cannot be transmitted from one host to another
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What is an endemic disease?
one that is constantly present in the population
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What is an epidemic disease?
when people in a given area acquire a disease in a short period of time
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What is a pandemic?
When a disease crosses borders and affects people worldwide in a short period of time
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What is droplet infection?
when microorganisms carried on liquid drops from a cough or sneeze cause disease
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What is a fomite?
an inanimate object that carries contaminants that cause disease
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What are vectors?
insects or other arthropods that carry pathogens
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What happens during mechanical transmission?
insects carry a pathogen on their feet and may transfer it to a person’s food
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What happens during biological transmission?
the arthropod bites someone
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What is a reservoir?
a continual source of an infection
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What are carriers?
humans who harbor pathogens but do not exhibit any signs of disease
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How do you calculate infection rate?
\#of infected individuals/ population at risk
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What is the optimal temperature for growth of psychrophilic bacteria?
15 C or below
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What is the optimal temperature for growth of psychrotrophic bacteria?
20-30 C
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What is the optimal temperature for growth of mesophilic bacteria?
25-40 C
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What is the optimal temperature for growth of thermophilic bacteria?
45-65 C
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What is the optimal temperature for growth of hyperthermophilic bacteria?
80 C or above
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What are the methods of dry heat?
hot ovens or Bunsen burners
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What is the temperature and time for using dry heat to sterilize?
170 C for 2 hours
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What are the methods of moist heat?
boiling, pasteurization, and autoclaving
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What are the temperatures and times for pasteurization?
63 C for 30 min or 72 C for 15 seconds
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What is the temperature and time for boiling?
100 C for 10 min
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What are the autoclave numbers?
121 C at 15 psi for 15 minutes
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What is ionizing radiation?
X rays and gamma rays, ionize water into highly reactive free radicals that can break strands of DNA
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Flashcard (98)